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=== Armenians ===
{{Main article|Armenians in Turkey}}
{{Further information|Armenian Genocide}}
{{Further information|Hemshin peoples}}
{{Further information|Hidden Armenians}}
Armenians are indigenous to the [[Armenian Highlands]] which corresponds to the eastern half of modern-day Turkey, the Republic of Armenia, southern Georgia, western Azerbaijan, and northwestern Iran. Although in 1880 the word ''Armenia'' was banned from being used in the press, schoolbooks, and governmental establishments in Turkey and was subsequently replaced with words like eastern Anatolia or northern Kurdistan, Armenians had maintained much of their culture and heritage.<ref>Modern History of Armenia in the Works of Foreign Authors [Novaya istoriya Armenii v trudax sovremennix zarubezhnix avtorov], edited by R. Sahakyan, Yerevan, 1993, p. 15 (in Russian)</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Blundell|first=Roger Boar, Nigel|title=Crooks, crime and corruption|year=1991|publisher=Dorset Press|location=New York|isbn=9780880296151|page=232}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Balakian|first=Peter|title=The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=9780061860171|page=36}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Books|first=the editors of Time-Life|title=The World in arms : timeframe AD 1900-1925|year=1989|publisher=Time-Life Books|location=Alexandria, Va.|isbn=9780809464708|edition=U.S.|page=84}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=K. Al-Rawi|first=Ahmed|title=Media Practice in Iraq.|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780230354524|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhMoMFuO--gC&lpg=PA9&dq=armenia%20word%20banned%20abdul&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q=armenia%20word%20banned%20abdul&f=false|accessdate=16 January 2013|page=9}}</ref> The Armenian population of Turkey was greatly reduced following the [[Hamidian massacres]] and especially the [[Armenian Genocide]], when over one and half million Armenians, virtually the entire Armenian population of Anatolia, were massacred. Prior to the Genocide in 1914, the Armenian population of Turkey numbered at about 1,914,620.<ref>[http://www.armenian- history.com/books/Arm-pop-Ottoman-Emp.pdf THE POPULATION OF THE OTTOMAN ARMENIANS by Justin McCarthy]</ref><ref>Raymond H. Kevorkian and Paul B. Paboudjian, ''Les Arméniens dans l'Empire Ottoman à la vielle du génocide'', Ed. ARHIS, Paris, 1992</ref> The Armenian community of the Ottoman Empire before the Armenian genocide had an estimated 2,300 churches and 700 schools (with 82,000 students).<ref name=Bedrosyan>{{cite news|last=Bedrosyan|first=Raffi|title=Bedrosyan: Searching for Lost Armenian Churches and Schools in Turkey|url=http://www.armenianweekly.com/2011/08/01/searching-for-lost-armenian-churches-and-schools-in-turkey/|accessdate=5 February 2013|newspaper=The Armenian Weekly|date=August 1, 2011}}</ref> This figure excludes churches and schools belonging to the Protestant and Catholic Armenian parishes since only those churches and schools under the jurisdiction of the Istanbul Armenian Patriarchate and the Apostolic Church were counted.<ref name=Bedrosyan /> After the Armenian genocide however, it is estimated that 200,000 Armenians remained in Turkey.<ref>{{cite news|title=ONLY 200,000 ARMENIANS NOW LEFT IN TURKEY|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0815FA395D16738DDDAB0A94D8415B858DF1D3|accessdate=5 February 2013|newspaper=New York Times|date=October 22, 1915}}</ref> Today there are an estimated 40,000 to 70,000 Armenians in Turkey, not including the [[Hamshenis]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Turay | first=Anna | title=Tarihte Ermeniler | publisher=[http://www.bolsohays.com Bolsohays: Istanbul Armenians] | url=http://www.bolsohays.com/webac.asp?referans=1 | accessdate=2007-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.taraf.com.tr/Yazar.asp?id=12
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=== Assyrians ===
{{Main article|Assyrians in Turkey}}
{{Further information|Assyrian genocide}}
[[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] were once a large ethnic minority in the [[Ottoman Empire]], but following the early 20th century [[Assyrian Genocide]], many were murdered, deported, or ended up emigrating. Those that remain live in small numbers in their [[Tur Abdin|indigenous South Eastern Turkey]] (although in larger numbers than other groups murdered in [[Armenian Genocide|Armenian]] or [[Greek genocide]]s) and Istanbul. They number around 30,000.
 
=== Australians ===
{{Main article|Australians in Turkey}}
There are as many as 12,000 '''Australians in Turkey.'''<ref>[http://www.southern-cross-group.org/archives/Statistics/Numbers_of_Australians_Overseas_in_2001_by_Region_Feb_2002.pdf Numbers of Australians Overseas in 2001 by Region - Southern Cross Group] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720101723/http://www.southern-cross-group.org/archives/Statistics/Numbers_of_Australians_Overseas_in_2001_by_Region_Feb_2002.pdf |date=2008-07-20 }}</ref> Of these, the overwhelming majority are in the capital [[Ankara]] (roughly 10,000) while the remaining are in [[Istanbul]]. Australian expatriates in Turkey form one of the largest overseas Australian groups in [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]. The vast majority of Australian nationals in Turkey are [[Turkish Australian]]s.
 
=== Azerbaijanis ===
{{Main article|Azerbaijanis in Turkey}}
It is hard to determine how many ethnic [[Azeris]] currently reside in Turkey because ethnicity is a rather fluid concept in this country.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/turkey/turkey993-08.htm Human Rights Watch] 1999 Report on Turkey</ref> and According to the [[Looklex Encyclopaedia]], [[Azerbaijani people]] make up 800,000 of [[Turkey]]'s population.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://looklex.com/e.o/turkey.peoples.htm |title=Turkey-Peoples |publisher=[[Looklex Encyclopaedia]] |date= |accessdate=13 August 2013}}</ref> Up to 300,000 of Azeris who reside in Turkey are citizens of [[Azerbaijan]].<ref>[http://www.azerbaijantoday.az:8101/life.html Life of Azerbaijanis in Turkey] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031229094340/http://www.azerbaijantoday.az:8101/Life.html |date=2003-12-29 }}. An interview with Sayyad Aran, Consul General of the Azerbaijan Republic to Istanbul. ''Azerbaijan Today''</ref> In the [[Eastern Anatolia Region]], Azeris are sometimes referred to as ''acem'' (see [[Ajam]]) or ''tat''.<ref>{{tr icon}} [http://www.durna.eu/Arshiv/qarsli.htm Qarslı bir azərbaycanlının ürək sözləri]. Erol Özaydın</ref> They currently are the largest ethnic group in the city of [[Iğdır]]<ref>{{tr icon}} Iğdır Sevdası, Mücahit Özden Hun</ref> and second largest ethnic group in [[Kars Province|Kars]].<ref>{{tr icon}} [http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2007/06/23/guncel/gun01.html KARS: AKP'nin kozu tarım desteği]. ''[[Milliyet]]''. 23 June 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2008</ref>
 
=== Bosniaks ===
{{Main article|Bosniaks in Turkey}}
Today, the existence of [[Bosniaks]] in the country is evident everywhere. In cities like İstanbul, Eskişehir, Ankara, İzmir, or Adana, one can easily find districts, streets, shops or restaurants with names such as Bosna, Yenibosna, Mostar, or Novi Pazar.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bernard Lewis|title=The Emergence of Modern Turkey|page=87}}</ref> However, it is extremely difficult to estimate how many Bosniaks live in this country. Some Bosnian researchers believe that the number of Bosniaks in Turkey is about four million. Turkish politicians are aware of the large number of Bosniaks living in Turkey, and, referencing this in 2010, Turkish Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] said: "There are more Bosniaks living in Turkey than in Bosnia."<ref>http://www.todayszaman.com/news-313388-the-impact-of-bosnians-on-the-turkish-stateby-karol-kujawa-.html</ref>
 
=== Britons ===
{{Main article|Britons in Turkey}}
There are at least 34,000 '''Britons in Turkey'''.<ref name="BBC">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/europe.stm Brits Abroad: BBC]</ref> They consist mainly of [[United Kingdom|British]] citizens married to [[Turkey|Turkish]] spouses, [[British Turks]] who have moved back into the country, students and families of long-term expatriates employed predominately in white-collar industry.<ref name="A">{{Cite news|url=http://www.capital.com.tr/the-number-of-expats-has-reached-26000-haberler/20006.aspx|title=The Number Of Expats Has Reached 26,000|work=Capital|first=Hande|last=Yavuz}}</ref>
 
=== Bulgarians ===
{{Main article|Bulgarians in Turkey}}
{{Further information|Pomaks in Turkey}}
People identifying as [[Bulgarians|Bulgarian]] include a large number of the [[Pomaks|Pomak]] and a small number of Orthodox Bulgarians.<ref>The Balkans, Minorities and States in Conflict (1993), Minority Rights Publication, by Hugh Poulton, p. 111.</ref><ref>Richard V. Weekes; Muslim peoples: a world ethnographic survey, Volume 1; 1984; [https://books.google.com/books?ei=in2CTfrLDsbAswbbvr2cAw&ct=result&id=aVdIAAAAMAAJ&dq=pomaks&q=%22pomaks+exist%22#search_anchor p.612]</ref><ref>Raju G. C. Thomas; Yugoslavia unraveled: sovereignty, self-determination, intervention; 2003, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9L6ZayN27PAC&pg=PA105&dq=pomaks&hl=en&ei=in2CTfrLDsbAswbbvr2cAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFAQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=pomaks&f=false p.105]</ref><ref>R. J. Crampton, Bulgaria, 2007, p.8</ref><ref>Janusz Bugajski, Ethnic politics in Eastern Europe: a guide to nationality policies, organizations, and parties; 1995, [https://books.google.com/books?id=m_AcqFSfvzAC&pg=PA243&dq=pomaks&hl=en&ei=G4aCTb3qNcaOswa7uLCeAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAjgy#v=onepage&q=pomaks&f=false p.237]</ref> According to [[Ethnologue]] at present 300,000 Pomaks in [[East Thrace|European Turkey]] speak Bulgarian as their mother tongue.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|editor=Gordon, Raymond G. Jr.|publisher=SIL International|location=[[Dallas, Texas]]|year=2005|edition=Fifteenth|isbn=978-1-55671-159-6|url=http://www.ethnologue.com|chapterurl=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TRE|chapter=Languages of Turkey (Europe)}}</ref>
It is very hard to estimate the number of Pomaks along with the [[turkification|Turkified]] Pomaks who live in Turkey, as they have blended into the Turkish society and have been often linguistically and culturally dissimilated.<ref name="hurriyet">{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/h.php?news=trial-sheds-light-on-shades-of-turkey-2008-06-10 |title=Trial sheds light on shades of Turkey |date=2008-06-10 |publisher=''Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Review'' |accessdate=2011-03-23 |archivedate=2011-03-23 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xPCtaAXt?url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/h.php?news=trial-sheds-light-on-shades-of-turkey-2008-06-10 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> According to ''[[Milliyet]]'' and ''[[Turkish Daily News]]'' reports, the number of Pomaks along with the Turkified Pomaks in the country is about 600,000.<ref name= "Milliyet-Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı">
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====Uzbeks====
{{see also|Uzbeks#Uzbeks in Saudi Arabia|Uzbeks in Pakistan|Soviet Central Asia#Exiles}}
Turkey is home to 45,000 Uzbeks.<ref>[http://evrenpasakoyu.wordpress.com Evrenpaşa Köyü | Güney Türkistan'dan Anadoluya Urfa Ceylanpınar Özbek Türkleri]. Evrenpasakoyu.wordpress.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref> In the 1800s Konya's north Bogrudelik was settled by Tatar [[Emirate of Bukhara|Bukharlyks]]. In 1981 [[Uzbeks in Pakistan|Afghan Turkestan refugees in Pakistan]] moved to Turkey to join the existing Kayseri, Izmir, Ankara, and Zeytinburnu based communities.<ref name="Espace"/> Turkish based Uzbeks have established links to Saudi-based Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Balcı |first=Bayram |last2= |first2= |date=Winter 2004 |title=The Role of the Pilgrimage in Relations between Uzbekistan and the Uzbek Community of Saudi Arabia |url=https://cess.memberclicks.net/assets/cesr2/CESR3/article%203%20v3n1.pdf |journal=CENTRAL EURASIAN STUDIES REVIEW |publisher= |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=17 |doi= |access-date=30 August 2016}}</ref>
 
====Uyghurs====
{{main|Turkistan Islamic Party}}
Turkey is home to 50,000 Uyghurs.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= April 9, 2015 |title=ISIL recruits Chinese with fake Turkish passports from Istanbul |url=http://national.bgnnews.com/isil-recruits-chinese-with-fake-turkish-passports-from-istanbul-haberi/4968|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925213242/http://national.bgnnews.com/isil-recruits-chinese-with-fake-turkish-passports-from-istanbul-haberi/4968|dead-url=yes|archive-date=September 25, 2015|newspaper=BGNNews.com|location=Istanbul |access-date= }}</ref> A community of Uyghurs live in Turkey.<ref>{{cite news |last=Blanchard |first=Ben |date= July 11, 2015 |title=China says Uighurs being sold as 'cannon fodder' for extremist groups |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-turkey-idUSKCN0PL08520150711|newspaper=Reuters |location=BEIJING |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=July 11, 2015 |title= Uyghurs sold as ‘cannon fodder’ for extremist groups: China |url=http://atimes.com/2015/07/uyghurs-being-sold-as-cannon-fodder-for-extremist-groups-china/ |newspaper=Asia Times |location= |access-date= }}</ref> [[Kayseri]] received Uyghurs numbering close to 360 via the UNHCR in 1966–1967 from Pakistan.<ref name="ShichorCenter2009">{{cite book|author1=Yitzhak Shichor|author2=East-West Center|title=Ethno-diplomacy, the Uyghur hitch in Sino-Turkish relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IR4tAQAAIAAJ&q=kayseri+unhcr+pakistan&dq=kayseri+unhcr+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjavKHrhevOAhXFGR4KHT-NBCQQ6AEITzAH|year=2009|publisher=East-West Center|isbn=978-1-932728-80-4|page=16}}</ref> The Turkey-based Uyghur diaspora had a number of family members among Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, India, and Pakistan based Uyghurs who stayed behind while the UNHCR and government of Turkey had Kayseri receive 75 Uyghurs in 1967 and 230 Uyghurs in 1965 and a number in 1964 under Alptekin and Bughra.<ref name="PuschWilkoszewski2008">{{cite book|author1=Barbara Pusch|author2=Tomas Wilkoszewski|title=Facetten internationaler Migration in die Türkei: gesellschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen und persönliche Lebenswelten|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFYOAQAAMAAJ&q=kayseri+unhcr+pakistan&dq=kayseri+unhcr+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiN6Z_BhuvOAhXJJB4KHQMJBJc4ChDoAQgsMAE|year=2008|publisher=Ergon-Verlag|isbn=978-3-89913-647-0|page=221}}</ref> ''We never call each other Uyghur, but only refer to ourselves as East Turkestanis, or Kashgarlik, Turpanli, or even Turks.''- according to some Uyghurs born in Turkey.<ref name="Gladney2004 2">{{cite book|author=Dru C. Gladney|title=Dislocating China: Muslims, Minorities, and Other Subaltern Subjects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzxSNM3_vCEC&pg=PA183&dq=central+asian+features+turkish+popular+blood&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjussOhne3OAhWHqR4KHbaoDXAQ6AEIHjAA#v=onepage&q=central%20asian%20features%20turkish%20popular%20blood&f=false|date=1 April 2004|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-29776-7|pages=183–}}</ref><ref name="AtabakiO'Kane1998">{{cite book|author1=Touraj Atabaki|author2=John O'Kane|title=Post-Soviet Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KwZpAAAAMAAJ&q=central+asian+features+turkish+popular+blood&dq=central+asian+features+turkish+popular+blood&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjussOhne3OAhWHqR4KHbaoDXAQ6AEIJDAB|date=15 October 1998|publisher=I. B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-327-9|page=305}}</ref>
 
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=== Circassians ===
{{Main article|Circassians in Turkey}}
According to Milliyet, there are approximately 2.5 million [[Circassians]] in Turkey.<ref name= "Milliyet-Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı"/> However such assumptions have no basis. According to scholars and [[European Union|EU]] there are three to five million Circassians in Turkey.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bernard Lewis|title=The Emergence of Modern Turkey|page=94}}</ref>{{verification needed|date=May 2016}} The closely related ethnic groups [[Abazins]] (10,000<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=abq Ethnologue: Abasinen]</ref>) and [[Abkhaz people in Turkey|Abkhazians]] (39,000<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=abk Ethnologue: Abchasen]</ref>) are also counted as Circassians. The Circassians are a Caucasian immigrant people; the vast majority of them have been assimilated and only 20% still speak [[Circassian language|Circassian]]. In Turkey, they are usually [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] ([[Hanafi]]) [[Muslim]].
 
=== Crimean Tatars ===
{{Main article|Crimean Tatars in Turkey}}
Before the 20th century, Crimean Tatars had immigrated from Crimea to Turkey in three waves: First, after the Russian annexation of Crimea in 1783; second, after the [[Crimean War]] of 1853-56; third, after the [[Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78]].<ref name="EGRT">[https://books.google.com/books?id=xyxpAAAAMAAJ&q=EJ+Klay+Crimean&dq=EJ+Klay+Crimean&cd=4 Peter Alford Andrews, Rüdiger Benninghaus,''Ethnic groups in the Republic of Turkey''], Vol. 2, Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1989, Wiesbaden, {{ISBN|3-88226-418-7}}, p. 87., Peter Alford Andrews, Türkiye'de Etnik Gruplar, ANT Yayınları, Aralık 1992, {{ISBN|975-7350-03-6}}, s.116-118.</ref> The official number{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}} of [[Crimean Tatars]] is 150,000 (in the center of Eskişehir) but the real population (in the whole of Turkey) may be a few million. They mostly live in [[Eskişehir Province]] <ref>[http://www.iccrimea.org/scholarly/jankowski.html Crimean Tatars and Noghais in Turkey]</ref> and Kazan-[[Ankara]].
 
=== Dagestani peoples ===
{{main article|Peoples of the Caucasus in Turkey}}
Various ethnic groups from Dagestan are present in Turkey. Dagestani peoples live in villages in the provinces like [[Balıkesir]], [[Tokat]] and also scattered in other parts of the country. A majority among them are [[Nogais]]; [[Lezgins]] and [[Avar people (Caucasus)|Avars]] are other significant ethnic groups. [[Kumyks]] are also present.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}
 
=== Dutch ===
Approximately 15,000 [[Dutch people|Dutch]] live in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.nl/nr/exeres/E4FCE219-D72D-47C6-A867-7D7EC9ED0BF0.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-08-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205032945/http://www.cbs.nl/nr/exeres/E4FCE219-D72D-47C6-A867-7D7EC9ED0BF0.htm |archivedate=2012-02-05 |df= }}</ref>
 
===Georgians===
{{Main article|Chveneburi}}
There are approximately 1 million people of Georgian ancestry in Turkey according to the newspaper ''Milliyet''.<ref name= "Milliyet-Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı"/> Georgians in Turkey are mostly [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] of [[Hanafi]] ''[[madh'hab]]''. Immigrant Georgians are called "[[Chveneburi]]", but autochthonous Muslim Georgians use this term as well. Muslim Georgians form the majority in parts of [[Artvin Province]] east of the [[Çoruh River]]. Immigrant Muslim groups of Georgian origin, found scattered in Turkey, are known as [[Chveneburi]]. The smallest Georgian group are [[Georgian Byzantine-Rite Catholics|Catholics]] living in [[Istanbul]].
 
===Germans===
{{Main article|Germans in Turkey}}
There are over 50,000 '''[[Germans|German]]s''' living in '''[[Turkey]]''', primarily Germans married to Turkish spouses, employees, retirees and long-term tourists who buy properties across the Turkish coastline, often spending most of the year in the country.<ref name="TA">{{cite web|first=Cem |last=Şentürk |url=http://www.turkofamerica.com/index.php?Itemid=174&id=177&option=com_content&task=view |title=The Germans in Turkey |publisher=Turkofamerica |date=2007-10-15 |accessdate=2010-11-30}}</ref> In addition, many [[Turkish Germans]] have also returned and settled, and it is not uncommon to hear German being spoken on the streets of Istanbul by Turks.
 
=== Greeks ===
{{Main article|Greeks in Turkey}}
{{Further information|Greek genocide}}
The Greeks constitute a population of [[Greeks|Greek]] and [[Greek language|Greek]]-speaking [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] [[Christianity|Christians]] who mostly live in [[Istanbul]], including its district [[Princes' Islands]], as well as on the two islands of the western entrance to the [[Dardanelles]]: [[Imbros]] and [[Tenedos]] ({{lang-tr|Gökçeada}} and ''Bozcaada''). Some Greek-speaking Byzantine Christians have been assimilated over the course of the last one thousand years.
 
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=== Jews ===
{{Main article|Jews in Turkey}}
{{Further information|Antisemitism in Turkey}}
 
There have been [[Romaniote Jews|Jewish communities in Asia Minor]] since at least the 5th century BC and many [[Sephardic Jews|Spanish and Portuguese Jews]] [[Alhambra Decree|expelled from Spain]] came to the Ottoman Empire (including regions part of modern Turkey) in the late 15th century. Despite [[Aliyah|emigration]] during the 20th century, modern-day Turkey continues to have a small Jewish population of about 20,000.<ref name= "Milliyet-Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı"/>
 
=== Karachay ===
[[Karachays|Karachay people]] live in villages concentrated in [[Konya]] and [[Eskişehir]].
 
=== Kurds ===
{{Main article|Orang Kurdi di Turki|}}[[File:Kurdish population by region (KONDA 2010).png|thumb|Percentage of Kurdish population in Turkey by region<ref name=KONDAkurd>{{cite web|title=Kürt Meselesi̇ni̇ Yeni̇den Düşünmek|url=http://www.konda.com.tr/tr/raporlar/2010_12_KONDA_Kurt_Meselesini_Yeniden_Dusunmek.pdf|publisher=KONDA|accessdate=2013-06-11|pages=19–20|date=July 2010}}</ref>]]Ethnic [[Kurds]] are the largest minority in Turkey, composing around 20% of the population according to Milliyet, 18% of the total populace or c. 14 million people according to the CIA World Factbook, and as much as 23% according to Kurdologist David McDowall.<ref name="CIA World Factbook: Turkey">CIA World Factbook: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html Turkey]</ref><ref>David McDowall. ''A Modern History of the Kurds.'' Third Edition. I.B.Tauris, May 14, 2004 - 504 pages, page 3.</ref> Unlike the Turks, the Kurds speak an [[Iranian language]]. There are Kurds living all over Turkey, but most live to the east and southeast of the country, from where they originate.
{{Main article|Kurds in Turkey|Turkish Kurdistan}}
{{Further information|Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey}}
[[File:Kurdish population by region (KONDA 2010).png|thumb|Percentage of Kurdish population in Turkey by region<ref name=KONDAkurd>{{cite web|title=Kürt Meselesi̇ni̇ Yeni̇den Düşünmek|url=http://www.konda.com.tr/tr/raporlar/2010_12_KONDA_Kurt_Meselesini_Yeniden_Dusunmek.pdf|publisher=KONDA|accessdate=2013-06-11|pages=19–20|date=July 2010}}</ref>]][[File:Kurdish mother & child Van 1973.jpg|thumb|Kurdish mother and child, Van, Turkey. 1973]]
Ethnic [[Kurds]] are the largest minority in Turkey, composing around 20% of the population according to Milliyet, 18% of the total populace or c. 14 million people according to the CIA World Factbook, and as much as 23% according to Kurdologist David McDowall.<ref name="CIA World Factbook: Turkey">CIA World Factbook: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html Turkey]</ref><ref>David McDowall. ''A Modern History of the Kurds.'' Third Edition. I.B.Tauris, May 14, 2004 - 504 pages, page 3.</ref> Unlike the Turks, the Kurds speak an [[Iranian language]]. There are Kurds living all over Turkey, but most live to the east and southeast of the country, from where they originate.
 
In the 1930s, Turkish government policy aimed to forcibly assimilate and [[Turkification|Turkify]] local Kurds. Since 1984, Kurdish resistance movements included both peaceful political activities for basic civil rights for Kurds within Turkey, and violent armed rebellion for a separate Kurdish state.<ref name="Global Security">{{cite web|work=GlobalSecurity.org|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/kurdistan-turkey.htm |title=Kurdistan-Turkey|accessdate=2007-03-28|date=2007-03-22}}</ref>
 
=== Laz ===
{{Main article|Laz people in Turkey}}
Most Laz people today live in Turkey, but the Laz minority group has no official status in Turkey. Their number today is estimated at 2,250,000.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ_hppqYIxQC&pg=PA90&dq=laz+language&hl=tr&ei=HNBSTvHDI6HP4QSrodHfAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC0Q6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=laz%20language&f=false The Uses and Abuses of History, Margaret MacMillan] Google Books</ref> The Laz are [[Sunni Muslims]]. Only a minority are bilingual in Turkish and their native [[Laz language]] which belongs to the [[South Caucasian languages|South Caucasian group]]. The number of the Laz speakers is decreasing, and is now limited chiefly to the [[Rize]] and [[Artvin]] areas. The historical term [[Lazistan]] — formerly referring to a narrow tract of land along the [[Black Sea]] inhabited by the Laz as well as by several other ethnic groups — has been banned from official use and replaced with ''Doğu Karadeniz'' (which also includes [[Trabzon]]). During the [[Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878]], the [[Muslim]] population of Russia near the war zones was subjected to ethnic cleansing; many Lazes living in [[Batumi|Batum]] fled to the Ottoman Empire, settling along the southern Black Sea coast to the east of [[Samsun]].
 
=== Levantines ===
{{Main article|Levantines (Latin Christians)}}
Levantines continue to live in [[Istanbul]] (mostly in the districts of [[Galata]], [[Beyoğlu]] and [[Nişantaşı]]), İzmir (mostly in the districts of [[Karşıyaka]], [[Bornova]] and [[Buca]]), and the lesser port city [[Mersin]] where they had been influential for creating and reviving a tradition of [[opera]].<ref>[http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=222567 Mersin'in bahanesi yok] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019125610/http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=222567 |date=2012-10-19 }}, [[Radikal]], 26 May 2007</ref> Famous people of the present-day Levantine community in Turkey include [[Maria Rita Epik]], Franco-Levantine [[Koç family|Caroline Giraud Koç]] and Italo-Levantine [[Giovanni Scognamillo]].
 
===Meskhetian Turks===
There is a community of [[Meskhetian Turks]] (Ahiska Turks) in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ahiska.org.tr/ |title= |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website= BİZİM AHISKA DERGİSİ WEB SAYFASI |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
 
=== Chechens and Ingush ===
{{main article|Peoples of the Caucasus in Turkey}}
{{Main article|Chechens in Turkey}}
'''Chechens in Turkey''' are [[Turkish people|Turkish]] citizens of [[Chechen people|Chechen]] descent and Chechen refugees living in [[Turkey]]. [[Chechens]] and [[Ingush people|Ingush]] live in the provinces of [[Istanbul]], [[Kahramanmaraş]], [[Mardin]], [[Sivas]], and [[Muş]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}}
 
=== Ossetians ===
{{Main article|Ossetians in Turkey}}
 
[[Ossetians]] emigrated from [[North Ossetia]] since the second half of the 19th century, end of [[Caucasian War]]. Today, the majority of them live in Ankara and Istanbul. There are 24 Ossetian villages in central and eastern Anatolia. The Ossetians in Turkey are divided into three major groups, depending on their history of immigration and ensuing events: those living in [[Kars]] (Sarıkamış) and [[Erzurum]], those in [[Sivas]], [[Tokat]] and [[Yozgat]] and those in [[Muş]] and [[Bitlis]].<ref>[http://www.worldbulletin.net/author_article_print.php?id=1804]</ref>
 
===Poles===
There are only 4,000 ethnic [[Polish diaspora#Turkey|Poles in Turkey]] who have been assimilated{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}} into the main Turkish culture. The immigration did start during the [[Partitions of Poland|Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. [[Józef Bem]] was one of the first immigrants and Prince [[Adam Jerzy Czartoryski]] founded [[Polonezköy]] in 1842. Most Poles in Turkey live in Polonezköy, [[Istanbul]].
 
=== Roma ===
{{Main article|Roma in Turkey}}
 
The [[Romani people|Roma]] in Turkey number approximately 700,000 according to Milliyet.<ref name= "Milliyet-Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı"/> [[Sulukule]] is the oldest Roma settlement in Europe. By different Turkish and Non-Turkish estimates the number of Romani is up to 4 or 5 million <ref>"Türkiye’deki Çingene nüfusu tam bilinmiyor.[http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/2005/05/08/639714.asp Article from Hürryet]</ref><ref>Romani, according to latest estimations of some experts, number between 4 and 5 million. [http://www.erionet.org/site/basic100094.html European Roma Information Office]</ref> while according to a Turkish source, they are only 0.05% of Turkey's population (or roughly persons).<ref>"Bu düzenlemeyle ortaya çıkan tabloda Türkiye’de yetişkinlerin (18 yaş ve üstündekilerin) etnik kimliklerin dağılımı ... % 0,05 Roman ... şeklindedir.": {{cite web |url=http://www.konda.com.tr/html/dosyalar/ttya_tr.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-02-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030012326/http://konda.com.tr/html/dosyalar/ttya_tr.pdf |archivedate=2010-10-30 |df= }}</ref> The descendants of the Ottoman Roma today are known as [[Xoraxane]] Roma and are of the [[Islam]]ic faith.<ref>Elena Marushiakova, Veselin Popov (2001) "Gypsies in the Ottoman Empire", {{ISBN|1902806026}}''[[University of Hertfordshire Press]]''
*Original: Елена Марушиакова, Веселин Попов (2000) "Циганите в Османската империя". Литавра, София (''Litavra'' Publishers, [[Sofia]]).{{bg icon}}</ref>
 
=== Russians ===
{{Main article|Russians in Turkey}}
'''[[Russians]]''' in '''[[Turkey]]''' number about 50,000 citizens.<ref name="Mid">«Получить точные статистические данные относительно численности соотечественников в Турции не представляется возможным… в целом сегодня можно говорить примерно о 50 тыс. проживающих в Турции россиян». // Интервью журналу «Консул» № 4 /19/, декабрь 2009 года [http://www.mid.ru/ns_publ.nsf/cb8e241d18a8904ec3256fc7002ddc0e/a26c797ba51042d2c32576800031670a?OpenDocument на сайте МИД РФ]</ref> Russians began migrating to Turkey during the first half of the 1990s. Most were fleeing the economic problems prevalent after the dissolution of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]]. During this period, many Russian immigrants intermarried and assimilated with Turkish locals, giving rise to a rapid increase in mixed marriages.<ref name="Mid"/> There is a Russian Association of Education, Culture and Cooperation which aims to expand Russian language and [[Russian culture|culture]] in Turkey as well as promote the interests of the community.
 
=== Serbs ===
{{Main article|Serbs in Turkey}}
In the 1965 Census 6,599 Turkish citizen spoke [[Serbian language|Serbian]] as a first language and another 58,802 spoke [[Serbian language|Serbian]] as a second language.<ref>[[Demographics of Turkey#1965 census]]</ref>
 
=== Zazas ===
{{Main article|Zaza people}}
 
The [[Zaza people|Zazas]] are a community who identifies as ethnic [[Kurds]].<ref name="Malmîsanij">[http://en.calameo.com/read/001695923509c0f9c7096 Kird, Kirmanc Dimili or Zaza Kurds, Deng Publishing, Istanbul, 1996 by Malmisanij]</ref> Their language [[Zazaki]] is a language spoken in eastern Anatolia between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris. It belongs to the northwest-Iranian group of the Iranian language branch of the Indo-European language family. The Zaza language is related to Kurdish, Persian and Balōchi. An exact indication of the number of Zaza speakers is unknown. Internal Zaza sources estimate the total number of Zaza speakers at 3 to 6 million.
 
== Agama Minoritas ==
{{Main article|ReligionAgama indi TurkeyTurki}}
{{Further information|Freedom of religion in Turkey}}
 
===Atheists===
 
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=== Bahá'í ===
[[File:House-Bahaullah-Edirne.jpg|thumb|The house where the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, [[Bahá'u'lláh]] stayed in, Edirne]]
{{Main article|Bahá'í Faith in Turkey}}
Turkish cities [[Edirne]] and [[İstanbul]] are in the holy places of this religion. Estimate Bahá'í population in Turkey is 10,000 (2008) <ref>[https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2008/108476.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2008-Turkey]</ref>
 
=== Christians ===
{{Main article|Christianity in Turkey}}
{{Further information|Persecution of Christians in Turkey}}
[[File:Istanbul - Sant Antoni de Pàdua.JPG|thumb|[[Church of St. Anthony of Padua, Istanbul|Church of St. Anthony of Padua]] in [[Istanbul]].]]
[[Christianity]] has a long history in Anatolia which, nowadays part of the [[Republic of Turkey]]'s territory, was the birthplace of numerous Christian [[Twelve apostles|Apostles]] and [[Saint]]s, such as [[Apostle Paul]] of [[Tarsus (city)|Tarsus]], [[Saint Timothy|Timothy]], [[St. Nicholas]] of [[Myra]], [[St. Polycarp]] of [[Smyrna]] and many others. Two out of the five centers ([[Patriarchate]]s) of the ancient [[Pentarchy]] were located in present-day Turkey: [[Constantinople]] (Istanbul) and [[Antioch]] ([[Antakya]]). All of the [[first seven Ecumenical Councils]] which are recognized by both the Western and Eastern churches were held in present-day Turkey. Of these, the [[Nicene Creed]], declared with the [[First Council of Nicaea]] ([[İznik]]) in 325, is of utmost importance and has provided the essential definitions of present-day Christianity.
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==== Orthodox Christians ====
[[File:Agia Triada Greek Orthodox Church, İstanbul.jpg|thumb|[[Hagia Triada Greek Orthodox Church, Istanbul|Aya Triada Greek Orthodox church]] in [[Beyoğlu]], Istanbul]][[Orthodox Christianity]] forms a tiny minority in Turkey, comprising far less than one tenth of one percent of the entire population. The provinces of [[Istanbul Province|Istanbul]] and [[Hatay Province|Hatay]], which includes Antakya, are the main centres of Turkish Christianity, with comparatively dense Christian populations, though they are very small minorities. The main variant of Christianity present in Turkey is the [[Eastern Orthodox]] branch, focused mainly in the [[Greek Orthodox|Greek Orthodox Church]].
{{Main article|Orthodox Christianity in Turkey}}
 
[[Orthodox Christianity]] forms a tiny minority in Turkey, comprising far less than one tenth of one percent of the entire population. The provinces of [[Istanbul Province|Istanbul]] and [[Hatay Province|Hatay]], which includes Antakya, are the main centres of Turkish Christianity, with comparatively dense Christian populations, though they are very small minorities. The main variant of Christianity present in Turkey is the [[Eastern Orthodox]] branch, focused mainly in the [[Greek Orthodox|Greek Orthodox Church]].
 
==== Protestants ====
{{Main article|Protestantism in Turkey}}
 
[[Protestants]] comprise far less than one tenth of one percent of the population of Turkey. Even so, there is an Alliance of Protestant Churches in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|author= |year= |title=World Evangelical Alliance |work= |url=http://www.worldevangelicalalliance.com/members/europe.htm |accessdate= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003227/http://www.worldevangelicalalliance.com/members/europe.htm |archivedate=2013-12-03 |df= }}</ref><ref name="kirche-in-not.de">{{cite web|author= |year= |title=German Site on Christians in Turkey |format= |work= |url=http://www.kirche-in-not.de/01_aktuelles/meldungen_2006_tuerkische_christen_fuer_eu_beitritt.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928002647/http://www.kirche-in-not.de/01_aktuelles/meldungen_2006_tuerkische_christen_fuer_eu_beitritt.php |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2007-09-28 |accessdate= }}</ref>
The [[constitution of Turkey]] recognizes freedom of religion for individuals. The Armenian Protestants own three Istanbul Churches from the 19th century.<ref name="kirche-in-not.de"/>
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==== Roman Catholics ====
{{Main article|Roman Catholicism in Turkey}}
[[File:Tarsus Ecclesia Sancti Pauli Apostoli.jpg|thumb|200px|The Church of St. Paul in Tharsus]]
There are around 35,000 Catholics, constituting 0.05% of the population. The faithful follow the [[Latin Rite|Latin]], [[Byzantine Rite|Byzantine]], [[Armenian Rite|Armenian]] and [[Chaldean Rite]]. Most Latin Rite Catholics are [[Levantines (Latin Christians)|Levantines]] of mainly Italian or French background, although a few are ethnic Turks (who are usually converts via marriage to Levantines or other non-Turkish Catholics). Byzantine, Armenian, and Chaldean rite Catholics are generally members of the Greek, Armenian, and Assyrian minority groups respectively. Turkey's Catholics are concentrated in Istanbul.{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}}
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=== Jews ===
{{Main article|Jews in Turkey}}
{{Further information|Antisemitism in Turkey}}
 
There have been [[Romaniotes|Jewish communities in Asia Minor]] since at least the 5th century BC and many [[Sephardic Jews|Spanish and Portuguese Jews]] [[Alhambra Decree|expelled from Spain]] were welcomed to the Ottoman Empire (including regions part of modern Turkey) in the late 15th century. Despite [[Aliyah|emigration]] during the 20th century, modern-day Turkey continues to have a small Jewish population.
There is a small Karaite Jewish population numbering around 100. Karaite Jews are not considered Jews by the Turkish Hakhambashi.
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==== Alawites ====
{{Main article|Alawites in Turkey}}
 
The exact number of [[Alawites]] in Turkey is unknown, but there were 185 000 Alawites in 1970.<ref>{{Cite book | authorlink= | coauthors= | title=State and rural society in medieval Islam: sultans, muqtaʻs, and fallahun | year=1997 | publisher=E.J. Brill | location=Leiden | isbn=90-04-10649-9 | pages=162}}</ref> As [[Muslim]]s, they are not recorded separately from Sunnis in ID registration. In the [[Demographics of Turkey#1965 linguistic census|1965 census]] (the last Turkish census where informants were asked their [[mother tongue]]), 180,000 people in the three provinces declared their mother tongue as [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. However, Arabic-speaking Sunni and Christian people are also included in this figure.
 
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==== Alevis ====
[[File:Alevis.png|thumb|Proportion of Alevis in Turkey]]
{{Main article|Alevi}}
Alevis are the biggest religious minority in Turkey. Nearly 15%<ref>''Structure and Function in Turkish Society.'' Isis Press, 2006, p. 81).</ref>-25% of all Turkish population is in this group. They are mainly Turk but there are significant Kurd and [[Zaza people|Zaza]] populations who are Alevi<ref>"The Alevi of Anatolia", 1995.</ref>
 
==== Twelvers ====
{{main article|Ithnā‘ashariyyah|Shia Islam in Turkey|Ja'fari jurisprudence|Theology of Twelvers}}
Twelver shia population of Turkey is nearly 3 million and most of them are Azeris. Half million of [[Ja'fari]]s live in İstanbul.
<ref>[http://www.minorityrights.org/4408/turkey/caferis.html minorityrights.org, Caferis]</ref>
 
=== Yazidi ===
Turkey is in the area of the [[Yazidi]] homeland, along with Syria and Iraq. The Yazidi population in Turkey was estimated at around 22.000 in 1984.<ref name=Chaukeddin>{{cite book|last=Issa|first=Chaukeddin|title=Das Yezidentum : Religion und Leben, p.180|year=2008|publisher=Dengê Êzîdiyan|location=Oldenburg|isbn=978-3-9810751-4-4}}</ref> Earlier figures are difficult to obtain and verify, but some estimate there were about 100.000 Yazidi in Turkey in the early years of the 20th century.<ref>Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker: Yezidi. 1989</ref>
 
Most Yazidis left the country and went abroad in the 1980s and 1990s, mostly to Germany and other European countries where they got asylum due to the persecution as an ethnic and religious minority in Turkey. The area they resided was in the south eastern area of Turkey, an area that had/has heavy [[Turkish-PKK conflict|PKK fighting]]. Now a few hundred Yazidi are believed to be left in Turkey.
 
== Referensi ==
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Kelompok_minoritas_di_Turki"