Orang Vietnam Amerika: Perbedaan antara revisi
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== Sejarah ==
The history of Vietnamese Americans is fairly recent. Before 1975, most Vietnamese residing in the US were the wives and children of American servicemen or academics. Records<ref>{{cite web|url=http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?gl=40&rank=1&new=1&so=3&MSAV=0&msT=1&gss=ms_f-40&gsln=Truong&msady=1880&msapn__ftp=United+States&msapn=2&msapn_PInfo=3-%7C0%7C1652393%7C0%7C2%7C0%7C0%7C0%7C0%7C0%7C0%7C&uidh=000&_83004003-n_xcl=f |title=Truong - Ancestry.com |publisher=Search.ancestry.com |accessdate=2013-07-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?gl=40&rank=1&new=1&so=3&MSAV=0&msT=1&gss=ms_r_f-40&gsln=Nguyen&msady=1880&msapn__ftp=San+Francisco%2C+San+Francisco%2C+California%2C+USA&msapn=69183&msapn_PInfo=8-%7C0%7C1652393%7C0%7C2%7C3249%7C7%7C0%7C2599%7C69183%7C0%7C&uidh=000&_83004003-n_xcl=f |title=Nguyen - Ancestry.com |publisher=Search.ancestry.com |accessdate=2013-07-06}}</ref> indicate that a few Vietnamese (including [[Ho Chi Minh]]) arrived and performed menial work during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. According to the [[Immigration and Naturalization Service]], 650 Vietnamese arrived as immigrants between 1950 and 1974, but the figure excludes students, diplomats, and military trainees. The April 30, 1975 [[fall of Saigon]], which ended the Vietnam War, prompted the first large-scale wave of immigration; many with close ties to America or the government [[South Vietnam]] government feared communist reprisals. Most of the first-wave immigrants were well-educated, financially comfortable, and proficient in English.<ref name="AsianAmerica">Wieder, Rosalie. "Vietnamese American". In ''Reference Library of Asian America'', vol I, edited by Susan Gall and Irene Natividad, 165-173. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1996</ref> According to 1975 [[US State Department]] data, more than 30 percent of the heads of first-wave households were [[medical professional]]s or technical managers, 16.9 percent worked in transportation, and 11.7 percent had clerical or sales jobs in Vietnam. Less than 5 percent were fishermen or farmers.<ref name="Gale">Bankston, Carl L. “Vietnamese American.” In Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America vol 2, edited by Judy Galens, Anna Sheets, and Robyn V. Young, 1393-1407. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1995</ref>
[[File:Chantroimoi01.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Two women walk past a large sign in Vietnamese and English at an army base|Vietnamese refugees at Fort Chaffee, Arkansas, during the late 1970s]]
The evacuation of the immigrants was organized in three major ways. The week before Saigon fell, 15,000 people left on scheduled flights followed by an additional 80,000 also evacuated by air. The last group was carried on U.S. Navy ships.<ref name="AmeCulture">Nguyen-Hong-Nhiem, Lucy and Joel M.Halpen. "Vietnamese". In ''American Immigrant Cultures'', vol 2, edited by David Levinson and Melvin Ember, pp. 923-930. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 1998</ref> During the spring of 1975 125,000 people left South Vietnam, followed by more than 5,000 in 1976-1977.<ref name=Gale /> They arrived at reception camps in the [[Philippines]] and [[Guam]] before being transferred to temporary housing at U.S. military bases, including [[Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton|Camp Pendleton]] (California), [[Fort Chaffee]] (Arkansas), [[Eglin Air Force Base]] (Florida) and [[Fort Indiantown Gap]] (Pennsylvania). After preparations for resettlement, they were assigned to one of nine voluntary agencies ([[VOLAG]]s) to help them find financial and personal support from sponsors in the U.S.<ref name=AsianAmerica /><ref name=AmeCulture />
South Vietnamese refugees were initially resented by Americans, since the memory of defeat was fresh; according to a 1975 poll, only 36 percent of Americans favored Vietnamese immigration. However, the U.S. government informed public opinion as it felt that it had a moral obligation to the refugees, and President [[Gerald Ford]] and Congress both agreed to pass the [[Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act]] in 1975, which allowed Vietnamese refugees to enter the United States under a special status and allocated $405 million in resettlement aid. To prevent the refugees from forming [[ethnic enclave]]s and minimize their impact on local communities, they were distributed throughout the country,<ref name=AsianAmerica /> but within a few years, many resettled in [[California]] and [[Texas]].
[[File:South China Sea....Crewmen of the amphibious cargo ship USS Durham (LKA-114) take Vietnamese refugees aboard a small... - NARA - 558518.tif|thumb|right|alt=Vietnamese man hands a child to waiting American crewmen, photographed from above|Crewmen of the [[USS Durham (LKA-114)]] take Vietnamese refugees from a small craft in 1975.]]
A second wave of Vietnamese refugees arrived from 1978 to the mid-1980s. Political and economic instability under the new communist government led to a migration unprecedented in Vietnam. South Vietnamese, particularly former military officers and government employees, were sent to "[[reeducation camp]]s," which were really [[concentration camps]], for intensive political indoctrination. Famine was widespread, and businesses were seized and nationalized. Chinese-Vietnamese relations soured when China became Vietnam's adversary in the brief [[Sino-Vietnamese War]].<ref name=AsianAmerica /> To escape, many South Vietnamese fled on small, unsafe, crowded fishing boats. Over 70 percent of the first immigrants were from urban areas, but the "[[boat people]]" were generally lower socioeconomically, as most were peasant farmers or fishermen, small-town merchants or former military officials. Survivors were picked up by foreign ships and brought to asylum camps in [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Indonesia]], [[Hong Kong]], and the [[Philippines]] from which they entered countries that agreed to accept them.<ref name=AsianAmerica /><ref name=Gale /><ref name=AmeCulture />
The plight of the boat people compelled the US to act, and the [[Refugee Act of 1980]] eased restrictions on the entry of Vietnamese refugees. From 1978 to 1982, 280,500 Vietnamese refugees were admitted<ref name=AsianAmerica /> In 1979, the [[Orderly Departure Program]] (ODP) was established under the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] (UNHCR) to allow emigration from Vietnam to the US and other countries. Additional legislation permitted [[Amerasian]] children and former political prisoners and their families to enter the US. Vietnamese immigration peaked in 1992, when many re-education-camp inmates were released and sponsored by their families in the US. Between 1981 and 2000, the country accepted 531,310 Vietnamese political refugees and asylum-seekers.
By the early 1980s, a secondary resettlement was underway. Vietnamese refugees were initially scattered throughout the country in wherever they could find sponsorship. The majority (27,199) settled in California, followed by 9,130 in Texas and 3,500 to 7,000 each in Pennsylvania, Florida, Washington, Illinois, New York, and Louisiana. Economic and social factors, many then moved to warmer states, such as California and Texas, with larger Vietnamese communities, better jobs, and [[social safety net]]s.<ref name=AsianAmerica /><ref name=Gale /><ref name=AmeCulture />
== Demografi ==
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