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[[File:Sanzio 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|''[[Mazhab Atena]]'' (1509-1511) karya [[Raphael]], mengambarkan [[Filsafat Yunani kuno|filsuf Yunani]] dalam suasana yang digambarkan dengan mendekati realita terinspirasi oleh [[Arsitektur Yunani kuno]]]]
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'''Filsafat''' (dari [[Bahasa Yunani|bahasa Yunani]] {{lang|grc|φιλοσοφία}}, ''philosophia'', secara literal bermakna "pecinta kebijaksanaan"<ref name="biblehub.com">{{cite web|title=Strong's Greek Dictionary 5385|url=http://biblehub.com/greek/5385.htm}}</ref><ref name="oed.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/142505?rskey=WbBDMG&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid|title=Home : Oxford English Dictionary|work=oed.com}}</ref><ref name="Online Etymology Dictionary"/><ref name="Webster's New World Dictionary"/>) adalah [[Pendidikan|kajian]] [[Pemecahan masalah|masalah]] umum dan mendasar tentang persoalan seperti [[eksistensi]], [[pengetahuan]], [[Nilai (etika)|nilai]], [[akal]], [[pikiran]], dan [[bahasa]].<ref name="philosophy"/><ref>[[A.C. Grayling]], ''Philosophy 1: A Guide through the Subject'' (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 1: "The aim of philosophical inquiry is to gain insight into questions about knowledge, truth, reason, reality, meaning, mind, and value."</ref> Istilah ini kemungkinan pertama kali diungkapkan oleh [[Pythagoras]] (c. 570–495 SM). [[Metode filsafat|Metode]] yang digunakan dalam filsafat antara lain [[Pertanyaan Sokratik|mengajukan pertanyaan]], [[Metode sokratik|diskusi kritikal]], [[dialektik]], dan presentasi sistematik.<ref>{{Cite book|title=How to Think About the Great Ideas: From the Great Books of Western Civilization|last=Adler|first=Mortimer J.|date=28 March 2000|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=Pv3BHyktJWkC}}|publisher=Open Court|isbn=978-0-8126-9412-3|location=Chicago, Ill.}}</ref><ref name="justification"/> Pertanyaan filosofis klasik antara lain: Apakah memungkinkan untuk [[Pyrrhonism|mengetahui segala seauatu]] dan membuktikanya?<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Skepticism|date=1 October 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-983680-2|editor-last=Greco|editor-first=John|edition=1st|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=Ozv0lftrUeEC}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Thinking Things Through: An Introduction to Philosophical Issues and Achievements|last=Glymour|first=Clark|date=10 April 2015|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=G4lLCAAAQBAJ}}|publisher=A Bradford Book|isbn=978-0-262-52720-0|edition=2nd|chapter=Chapters 1–6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/skepcont/|title=Contemporary Skepticism {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|website=www.iep.utm.edu|access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref> Apa yang [[Absolut (filsafat)|paling nyata]]? Para filsuf juga mengajukan pertanyaan yang lebih praktis dan konkret seperti: Apakah ada cara terbaik untuk hidup? Apakah lebih baik menjadi [[Peradilan|adil atau tidak adil]] (jika seseorang bisa lolos begitu saja)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/republic.html|title=The Internet Classics Archive {{!}} The Republic by Plato|website=classics.mit.edu|access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref> Apakah manusia memiliki [[kehendak bebas]]?<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/freewill/|title=Free Will {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|website=www.iep.utm.edu|access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref>
Secara historis, "filsafat" mencakup inti dari segala pengetahuan.<ref name="auto23">{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=philosophy|title=Philosophy|date=|website=www.etymonline.com|publisher=Online Etymological Dictionary|access-date=19 March 2016|quote=The English word "philosophy" is first attested to c. 1300, meaning "knowledge, body of knowledge."|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->}}</ref> Dari zaman filsuf Yunani Kuno seperti [[Aristoteles]] hingga abad ke-19, "[[filsafat alam]]" melingkupi [[astronomi]], [[kedokteran]], dan [[fisika]].{{sfn|Lindberg|2007|p=3}} Sebagai contoh, ''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica|Prinsip Matematika Filosofi Alam]]'' karya [[Isaac Newton|Newton]] pada tahun 1687 di kemudian hari diklasifikasikan sebagi buku fisika. Pada abad ke-19, perkembangan [[University|riset universitas]] modern led academic philosophy and other disciplines to [[Contemporary philosophy|professionalize]] and specialize.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Scientific Revolution|last=Shapin|first=Steven|date=1 January 1998|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=6BIr19MTXAMC}}|publisher=University Of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-75021-7|edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/01/11/when-philosophy-lost-its-way/?_r=0|title=When Philosophy Lost Its Way|last=Briggle|first=Robert Frodeman and Adam|website=Opinionator|access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref> In the modern era, some investigations that were traditionally part of philosophy became separate academic disciplines, including [[psychology]], [[sociology]], [[linguistics]], and [[economics]].
Other investigations closely related to art, science, politics, or other pursuits remained part of philosophy. For example, is [[beauty]] objective or subjective?<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2014/entries/beauty/|title=Beauty|last=Sartwell|first=Crispin|date=1 January 2014|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N.|edition=Spring 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/plato_philosopher-greater_hippias/1926/pb_LCL167.335.xml|title=Plato, Hippias Major {{!}} Loeb Classical Library|website=Loeb Classical Library|access-date=27 April 2016}}</ref> Are there many [[scientific method]]s or just one?<ref>{{Cite book|title=Against Method|last=Feyerabend|first=Paul|last2=Hacking|first2=Ian|date=11 May 2010|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=8y-FVtrKeSYC}}|publisher=Verso|isbn=978-1-84467-442-8|edition=4th}}</ref> Is political [[utopia]] a hopeful dream or hopeless fantasy?<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/noz-poli/#SH3i|title=Nozick, Robert: Political Philosophy {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|website=www.iep.utm.edu|access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/rawls/#H2|title=Rawls, John {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|website=www.iep.utm.edu|access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Utopia|last=More|first=Thomas|date=8 May 2015|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=EZajAQAAQBAJ}}|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=978-0-486-11070-7|language=English}}</ref> Major sub-fields of academic philosophy include [[metafisika]] ("concerned with the fundamental nature of reality and being"),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metaphysics |title=Merriam-Webster Dictionary|website=www.merriam-webster.com|access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref> [[epistemology]] (about the "nature and grounds of knowledge [and]...its limits and validity" <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/epistemology |title=Merriam-Webster Dictionary|website=www.merriam-webster.com|access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref>), [[etika]], [[estetika]], [[filsafat politik]], [[logika]], [[filsafat ilmu]], and the history of Western philosophy.
Sejak abad ke-20, [[filsuf]] profesional berkontribusi pada masyarakat terutama sebagai [[profesor]], peneliti, dan penulis. Namun, banyak dari mereka yang mempelajari filsafat dalam program sarjana atau pascasarjana berkontribusi dalam bidang hukum, jurnalisme, politik, agama, sains, bisnis dan berbagai kegiatan seni dan hiburan.<ref name="whystudyphilosophy.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.whystudyphilosophy.com/|title=Why Study Philosophy? An Unofficial "Daily Nous" Affiliate|website=www.whystudyphilosophy.com|access-date=2016-05-02}}</ref>
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