Kharmides (dialog): Perbedaan antara revisi

'''''Xarmides''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɑr|m|ɪ|d|iː|z}}; {{lang-grc-gre|Χαρμίδης}}) adalah sebuah [[dialog]] [[Plato|Platon]], di mana Sokrates terlibat percakapan dengan seorang lelaki tampan dan populer tentang makna ''[[sophrosyne]]'', yaitu kata Yunani yang biasanya diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris sebagai "temperance" ('keugaharian'), "self-control" ('pengontrolan-diri'), atau "restraint" ('pengekangan'). Seperti halnya dialog awal khas Platon, keduanya tidak pernah sampai pada definisi yang benar-benar memuaskan, tetapi diskusi tersebut tetap memunculkan banyak poin penting.

 

[[palaestra]] di Taureas, yaitu sebuah sekolah gulat di mana anak-anak laki-laki biasa berkumpul. Dengan bantuan [[Chaerephon]], yang mendorongnya mengenai detil pertempuran tersebut, Sokrates mendekati [[Kritias]] dan bertanya kepadanya tentang urusan rumah, keadaan filsafat terkini, dan apakah ada anak laki-laki yang membedakan dirinya untuk kebijaksanaan atau keindahan, atau keduanya. Kritias menjawab bahwa Sokrates akan segera mengenal keindahannya secara langsung, karena [[Xarmides]] dan rombongannya baru saja tiba.

 

 

 

Socrates tells Critias that there would be no shame in his just talking to the beautiful and popular boy, even if he were younger than he is. Socrates informs the reader that Critias is the child's guardian or caretaker (ἐπίτροπος - literally ''one to whom the charge of anything is entrusted'') (155a). Critias agrees and tells an attendant to tell Charmides to come and see the physician ("iatros") about an illness that Charmides has complained about. Critias suggests that Socrates pretend to know a cure for a headache to lure the boy over.

 

Charmides first suggests that sophrosyne is a kind of quietness (159b). Socrates talks him out of this, and Charmides proposes that sophrosyne is the same as modesty. Socrates says this can't be right because Homer (whose authority they both accept on this point) says that modesty is not good for all people, but it is agreed that sophrosyne is (160e). Charmides proposes that temperance is minding your own business. Socrates finds this particularly offensive, and tells Charmides that he must have heard this from some fool (162b). Socrates can tell from the uneasy look on Critias face that this was his idea, and they exchange some words. Socrates says to him testily that at his age, Charmides can hardly be expected to understand temperance (162e). At this point in the argument, Critias takes up the argument with Socrates suggesting that temperance might be the same as self-knowledge. Socrates confesses as they discuss this that his motive in refuting Critias is to examine himself, that he pursues the argument for his own sake (166c,d).

 

Critias' suggestion that sophrosyne is self-knowledge spurs Socrates to a discussion of the relation between medicine and science. He says that medicine is the science of health and disease, and that a person who does not understand these things is not in a position to distinguish a real physician from a quack (171c). He says that if wisdom really is knowing what you know and knowing what you don't know, no one would ever make a mistake, and we would pass through life without erring. He concludes that this does not happen, and that science is impossible.

 

Socrates says he dreams, however, of a world in which no one pretends to be something he is not (173a-d). In the end, Socrates appears to have recruited a new disciple to philosophy: Charmides says he is willing to be charmed every day by Socrates, and Critias tells the boy that if he is willing to do this, he will have proof of his temperance. Charmides says that if his guardian instructs him to submit to Socrates' charms, then he would be wrong not to do it.

 

Socrates' analogy, that ignorance is to the philosopher what disease is to the physician, is important and persistent in the dialogues. And everywhere, Socrates fails to effect a cure. In the [[Protagoras]], for example, when the sophist Prodicus accuses Socrates of making a mess of their discussion, Socrates accepts the complaint and calls himself a laughable doctor (''geloios iatros''), whose treatment not only does not cure the disease, it worsens it (Protagoras 340e).

 

 

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