Kematian Yohanes Pembaptis: Perbedaan antara revisi

{{Infobox saint

|name=Pemenggalan St. Yohanes Pembaptis

|image=CaravaggioSalomeLondon.jpg

|imagesize=250px

|approval="Pra-Kongregasi"

}}

[[Berkas:The Apparition, Gustave Moreau 1876.jpg|jmpl|''Salome and the Apparition of the Baptist's Head'' karya [[Gustave Moreau]]. Lukisan pewarna cair. Sekitar pertengahan 1850an. Sekarang di [[Musée d'Orsay]], [[Paris, Perancis]].]]

 

<!--

The '''Beheading of Saint John the Baptist''', also known as the '''Decollation of Saint John the Baptist''' or the '''Beheading of the Forerunner''', is a [[holy day]] observed by various [[Christian]] churches that follow [[Christian liturgy|liturgical traditions]]. The day commemorates the [[martyrdom]] by [[beheading]] of [[Saint John the Baptist]] on the orders of [[Herod Antipas]] through the vengeful request of his step-daughter [[Salome]] and her mother.

 

On August 29, 2012, during a televised public audience at the summer palace of [[Castel Gandolfo]], [[Pope Benedict XVI]] mentioned the dedication of a crypt in Sebaste, Samaria, where the head of the Baptist had been venerated since the middle of the fourth century.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2012/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20120829_en.html |title=Benedict XVI, General Audience, August 29, 2012 |publisher=Vatican.va |date=29 August 2012 |accessdate=25 December 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718093729/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2012/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20120829_en.html |archivedate=18 July 2014 |df= }}</ref> In addition, the [[Pontiff]] also noted that the religious feast particularly commemorates the transfer of this [[relic]], now enshrined in the [[San Silvestro in Capite|Basilica of San Silvestro in Capite]] in [[Rome]].

 

According to the [[Synoptic Gospels]], Herod, who was [[Tetrarchy (Judea)|tetrarch]], or sub-king, of [[Galilee]] under the Roman Empire, had imprisoned John the Baptist because he reproved Herod for divorcing his wife (Phasaelis, daughter of King Aretas of Nabataea) and unlawfully taking [[Herodias]], the wife of his brother [[Herod II|Herod Philip I]]. On Herod's birthday, Herodias' daughter (whom [[Josephus]] identifies as [[Salome]]) danced before the king and his guests. Her dancing pleased Herod so much that in his drunkenness he promised to give her anything she desired, up to half of his kingdom. When Salome asked her mother what she should request, she was told to ask for the head of John the Baptist on a platter. Although Herod was appalled by the request, he reluctantly agreed and had John executed in the prison.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Matthew|14:1-12|KJV}}, {{Bibleverse||Mark|6:14-29|KJV}}, {{Bibleverse||Luke|9:7-9|KJV}}</ref>

 

The Jewish historian [[Flavius Josephus]] also relates in his ''[[Antiquities of the Jews]]'' that Herod killed John, stating that he did so, "lest the great influence John had over the people might put it into his [John's] power and inclination to raise a rebellion, (for they seemed ready to do any thing he should advise), [so Herod] thought it best [to put] him to death." He further states that many of the Jews believed that the military disaster that fell upon Herod at the hands of [[Aretas IV Philopatris|Aretas]], his father-in-law ([[Phasaelis]]' father), was God's punishment for his unrighteous behavior.<ref>Flavius Josephus. [http://earlychristianwritings.com/text/josephus/ant-18.htm ''Jewish Antiquities''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070419200853/http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/josephus/ant-18.htm |date=2007-04-19 }} XVIII, v, 2.</ref>

 

None of the sources gives an exact date, which was probably in the years 28-29 AD (Matthew 14:1-12; Mark 6:14-27; Luke 9:9) after imprisoning John the Baptist in 27 AD (Matthew 4:12; Mark 1:14) at the behest of Herodias his brother's wife whom he took as his mistress. (Matthew 14:3-5; Mark 6:17-20);<ref>Harmony of the Gospels, The People's New Testament Commentary</ref> According to Josephus, the death took place at the fortress of [[Machaerus]].

 

The liturgical commemoration of the Beheading of St. John the Baptist is almost as old as that commemorating [[Nativity of St. John the Baptist|his birth]], which is one of the oldest feasts, if not the oldest, introduced into both the Eastern and Western liturgies to honour a saint.

 

==Related feasts==<!-- Several articles redirect here -->

{{refimprove|section|date=August 2017}}<!--only first paragraph has a citation-->

There are two other related feasts observed by Eastern Christians:

*'''First and Second Finding of the Head of St. John the Baptist''' (February 24). According to [[sacred Tradition|church tradition]], after the execution of John the Baptist, his disciples buried his body at [[Sebastia, Nablus|Sebaste]], but Herodias took his severed head and buried it in a dung heap. Later, [[Saint Joanna]], who was married to Herod's steward,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Luke|8:3}}</ref> secretly took his head and buried it on the [[Mount of Olives]], where it remained hidden for centuries.

*'''Third Finding of the Head of St. John the Baptist''' (May 25). The head was transferred to [[Comana, Cappadocia|Comana]] of [[Cappadocia]] during a period of Muslim raids (about 820), and it was hidden in the ground during a period of [[iconoclasm|iconoclastic]] [[persecution of Christians|persecution]]. When the veneration of [[icon]]s was restored in 850, [[Patriarch Ignatius of Constantinople]] (847-857) saw in a vision place where the head of St. John had been hidden. The patriarch communicated this to the [[Byzantine emperor|emperor]] [[Michael III]], who sent a delegation to Comana, where the head was found. Afterwards, the head was again transferred to Nyc, and here on May 25, it was placed in a church at the court.

 

According to ancient tradition, the burial place of John the Baptist was at Sebaste, near modern-day [[Nablus]] in the [[West Bank]], and mention is made of his [[relics]] being honored there around the middle of the fourth century. The historians [[Tyrannius Rufinus|Rufinus]] and [[Theodoretus]] record that the [[shrine]] was [[desecration|desecrated]] under [[Julian the Apostate]] around 362, the bones being partly burned. A portion of the rescued relics was carried to [[Jerusalem]], then to [[Alexandria]], where, on 27 May 395, they were laid in the basilica that was newly dedicated to John the Baptist on the former site of the temple of [[Serapis]]. The tomb at Sebaste continued, nevertheless, to be visited by pious pilgrims, and [[St. Jerome]] bears witness to miracles being worked there. Today, the tomb is housed in the [[Nabi Yahya Mosque]] ("John the Baptist Mosque").