Bentuk tubuh dan psikologi konstitusi: Perbedaan antara revisi
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=== Stereotip ===
Ada bukti bahwa berbagai bentuk fisik membawa stereotip budaya. Sebagai contoh, satu studi menemukan bahwa
==Formula Heath-Carter==
Meskipun ikatan psikologis sebagian besarnya telah diabaikan, taksonomi fisik Sheldon tetap bertahan, terutama varian Heath-Carter yang berdasarkan metodologinya.<ref>{{cite book| title= Anthropometrica: A Textbook of Body Measurement for Sports and Health Courses| first1= Kevin |last= Norton| first2= Tim |last2= Olds| publisher= Australian Sports Commission; UNSW Press| year= 1996| isbn= 978-0868402239}}</ref> Pendekatan formula ini menggunakan komponen-komponen individu seperti berat (kg), tinggi (cm), lingkar lengan atas (cm), lingkar betis maksimal (cm), femur breadth (cm), Luas pinggang (cm), ketak otot tricep (mm), subscapular skinfold (mm), lipatan kulit subskapular (mm), dan lipatan kulit betis medial (mm), dan tetap populer dalam penelitian antropomorfis, seperti mengutip Rob Rempel, "Dengan modifikasi oleh Parnell pada akhir 1950-an, dan oleh Heath dan Carter pada pertengahan tahun 1960-an, konsep "somatotipe" atau bentuk tubuh terus menjadi kualifikasi tunggal terbaik dari keseluruhan bentuk tubuh".<ref>{{cite journal| title= A Modified Somatotype Assessment Methodology| last= Rempel| first= R| year= 1994| publisher= Simon Fraser University| isbn= 978-0-612-06785-1}}</ref>
Varian ini menggunakan rangkaian persamaan berikut dalam menilai sifat subjek terhadap masing-masing dari tiga somatotipe, di mana masing-masing dinilai pada skala tujuh poin, dengan 0 menunjukkan tidak ada korelasi dan 7 menunjukkan sangat kuat:
*''Endomorfik'': = <math>-0.7182 + (0.145 * X) - (0.00068 * X^2) + (0.0000014* X^3)</math>
** where:<math>X = (LipatankulitTricepMM + LipatankulitSubskapularMM + LipatankulitSupraspinalMM) * (\frac{170.18} {heightCM})</math>
*''Mesomorfik': = <math>(0.858 * HumerusBreadthCM) + (0.601 * FemurBreadthCM) + (0.188 * upperArmGirthCM) + (0.161 * maxCalfGirthCM) - (0.131 * heightCM) + 4.5</math>
*''Ektomorfik '': Calculate the subjects [[corpulence index|Indeks Ponderal]]: <math>\text{PI}=\frac{height [cm]}{(mass [kg])^{1/3}}</math>
** If <math>PI > 40.74</math>, ''Ektomorfik'' = <math>(0.732 * PI) - 28.58</math>
** If <math>39.65 < PI < 40.74</math>, ''Ektomorfik'' = <math>(0.463 * PI) - 17.615</math>
** If <math>PI < 39.65</math>, ''Ektomorfik'' = <math>0.5</math>
Pendekatan numerik ini telah dimasukkan ke dalam kurikulum [[ilmu pengetahuan olahraga]] dan [[kurikulum pendidikan jasmani]] terkini dari berbagai institusi, mulai dari kurikulum GCSE tingkat menengah Inggris (anak usia 14 sampai 16 tahun), Ujian Layanan Sipil UPSC India, untuk program MSc di seluruh dunia, dan telah digunakan di berbagai makalah akademis, termasuk diantaranya:
* Atlet mendayung<ref>{{cite journal| title= Olympic Lightweight and Open Rowers possess distinctive physical and proportionality characteristics for selecting elite athletes| last1= Kerr |first1= D| last2= Ross |first2= WD| last3= Norton |first3= K| last4= Hume |first4= P| last5= Kagawa| first5= Masaharu| year= 2007| work= [[Journal of Sports Sciences]] |volume= 25| number= 1 |pages= 43–53 | doi=10.1080/02640410600812179}}</ref>
* Atlet Tennis<ref>{{cite journal| title= Anthropometric characteristics, body composition and somatotype of elite junior tennis players| last1= Sánchez‐Muñoz |first1= C| last2= Sanz |first2= D| last3= Mikel Zabala |first3= M| work= Br J Sports Med.| date= November 2007| volume= 41| number= 11| pages= 793–799| doi= 10.1136/bjsm.2007.037119}}</ref>
* Atlet Judo<ref>{{cite journal| title= Somatotype Variables Related to Muscle Torque and Power in Judoists| last1= Lewandowska | first1= J| last2= Buśko | first2=K| last3= Pastuszak | first3= A| last4= Boguszewska | first4= K |work= Journal of Human Kinetics |volume= 30| year= 2011| pages= 21–28| doi=10.2478/v10078-011-0069-y}}</ref>
* Atlet Bola Voli<ref>{{cite journal| title= Anthropometric characteristics and body composition of Greek elite women volleyball players| last1= Papadopoulou | first1= S| work= Kinanthropometry VII| edition= 7| publisher= Pochefstroom University for CHE| editor-first1= H. | editor-last1= de Ridder | editor-first2= T. | editor-last2= Olds| pages= 93–110 | date= January 2003}}</ref>
* Gymnasts<ref>{{cite journal| title= Somatotype of Top-Level Serbian Rhythmic Gymnasts | last1= Purenović-Ivanović | first1= T | last2= Popović | first2= R| work= Journal of Human Kinetics| volume= 40| number= 1| pages= 181–187| issn= 1899-7562| doi= 10.2478/hukin-2014-0020| date= April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| title= Height, weight, somatotype and body composition in elite Spanish gymnasts from childhood to adulthood| first= Alfredo | last=Irurtia Amigó| work= Apunts Med Esport| year= 2009| volume= 61| pages= 18–28}}</ref>
* Atlet Sepak Bola<ref>{{cite journal| title= Anthropometric characteristic, body composition and somatotype of Canadian female soccer players| last1= Adhikari| first1= A| last2= Nugent | first2= J| work= [[American Journal of Sports Science]]| volume= 2 | year= 2014| number= 6-1| pages= 14–18}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| title= Anthropometric, morphological and somatotype characteristics of athletes of the Brazilian Men’s volleyball team: an 11-year descriptive study| last= Petroski | year= 2013| work= Brazilian Journal of Kineanthropometry & Human Performance| volume= 15| number= 2| page = 184}}</ref>
* Triathletes<ref>{{cite journal| title= Comparison of body composition and somatotype of trained female triathletes| first1= Christopher N.| last1= Leake| last2= Carter |first2= JE |year= 1991| work= Journal of Sports Sciences| volume= 9| number= 2| pages= 125–135| doi=10.1080/02640419108729874}}</ref>
* [[Han Chinese|Han people]]<ref>{{cite journal| title= Study on the adult physique with the Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotype in the Han of Xi'an, China| first1= LT |last1= Yang| year= 2015| pmid= 25940679| doi=10.1007/s12565-015-0283-0| volume=91| journal=Anat Sci Int| pages=180–7}}</ref>
* Orang dengan [[diabetes]]<ref>{{cite journal| title= Somatotype characteristics of female patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus| first= AG | last= Baltadjiev| year= 2013| pmid= 23905489| volume=55| journal=Folia Med (Plovdiv)| pages=64–9| doi=10.2478/folmed-2013-0007}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| title= Somatotype characteristics of male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus| first= AG| last= Baltadjiev| year= 2012| pmid= 23101284| volume=54| journal=Folia Med (Plovdiv)| pages=40–5| doi=10.2478/v10153-011-0087-5}}</ref>
* Atlet [[Taekwondo]]<ref>{{cite journal| title= Somatotype analysis of elite Taekwondo athletes compared to non-athletes for sports health sciences |last1= Noh et al. |work= Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences |year= 2013 |volume= 5 |number=4 |pages= 189–196 |doi=10.1007/s13530-013-0178-1}}</ref>
*Persons with eating disorders<ref>{{cite journal |title= Somatotype: a more sophisticated approach to body image work with eating disorder sufferers| last1= Stewarta et al. |work= Advances in Eating Disorders: Theory, Research and Practice |volume= 2 |number= 2 |year= 2014 |doi= 10.1080/21662630.2013.874665 |pages=125–135}}</ref>
* Partisipan [[perahu Naga]]<ref>{{cite journal |title= The Relationship between Posture and Somatotype and Certain Biomechanical Parameters of Iran Women’s National Dragon Boat Team |last1= Pourbehzadi et al. |work= [[Annals of Biological Research]] |year= 2012 |volume= 3 |number=7 |pages= 3657–3662}}</ref>
== Kritik ==
Baris 50 ⟶ 78:
* {{cite book |last=Hartl |first=Emil M. |last2=Monnelly |first2=Edward P. |last3=Elderkin |first3=Roland D. |title=Physique and Delinquent Behavior (A Thirty-year Follow-up of William H. Sheldon’s Varieties of Delinquent Youth) |location=New York |publisher=Academic Press |year=1982 |edition= |isbn=0-12-328480-5 }}
==
* {{cite book |first= William H. |last= Sheldon |year= 1942 |title= The Varieties of Temperament |publisher= [[Harper (publisher)|Harper & Brothers]] |location= New York; London |url= http://library.du.ac.in/dspace/handle/1/1336 |via= [[University of Delhi]]}}
* {{cite book |first1= J.E. Lindsay |last1= Carter |first2= Barbara Honeyman |last2= Heath |title= Somatotyping-development and Applications |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year= 1990|ISBN= 0521351170}}
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