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Saat berusia 67 tahun, Frank Lloyd Wright mendapat kesempatan untuk merancang tiga bangunan, yaitu rumah Fallingwater; Gedung [[Johnson Wax Headquarters|Johnson Wax]] di Racine, Wisconsin; dan rumah [[Herbert and Katherine Jacobs First House|Herbert Jacobs]] di Madison, Wisconsin, yang mana Wright mendapatkan sorotan dari dunia arsitektur atas ketiga karyanya tersebut.
=== KeluargaCatatan Kaufmannkaki ===/
{{reflist}}
[[Edgar J. Kaufmann]], Sr. adalah seorang pengusaha sukses di Pittsburgh dan pemilik [[Kaufmann's|Kaufmann's Department Store]]. Anak tunggal Edgar and Liliane, [[Edgar Kaufmann Jr.]], kemudian menjadi orang yang paling sering berhubungan dengan Frank Lloyd yang akhirnya menjadikan Frank Lloyd menjadi teman dekat keluarga Kaufmann.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fallingwater.org/history/about-fallingwater/the-kaufmann-family/|title=The Kaufmann Family - Fallingwater|work=Fallingwater|access-date=2017-12-13|language=en-US}}</ref>
[[Kategori:Bangunan dan struktur di Pennsylvania]]
In the summer of 1934, Edgar Jr. read Frank Lloyd Wright’s ''An Autobiography'' (1932), and traveled to meet Wright at his home in Wisconsin in late September. Within three weeks, Edgar Jr. began an apprenticeship at the [[Taliesin (studio)#Taliesin Fellowship|Taliesin Fellowship]], a communal architecture program established in 1932 by Wright and his wife, Olgivanna. It was during a visit with Edgar Jr. at Taliesin in November 1934 that Edgar and Liliane Kaufmann first met Frank Lloyd Wright.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fallingwater.org/history/about-fallingwater/the-kaufmann-family/|title=The Kaufmann Family - Fallingwater|work=Fallingwater|access-date=2017-12-13|language=en-US}}</ref>
The Kaufmanns lived in "La Tourelle", a French Norman estate in [[Fox Chapel, Pennsylvania|Fox Chapel]] designed in 1923 for Edgar J. Kaufmann by Pittsburgh architect [[Benno Janssen]]. However, the family also owned a remote property outside Pittsburgh - a small cabin near a waterfall - which was used as a summer retreat. When these cabins deteriorated, Mr. Kaufmann contacted Wright.
On December 18, 1934, Wright visited Bear Run and asked for a [[surveying|survey]] of the area around the waterfall.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |last=Toker |first=F. |year=2003 |title=Fallingwater Rising: Frank Lloyd Wright, E. J. Kaufmann, and America's most extraordinary house |location=New York |publisher=Knopf |isbn=1400040264 }}</ref> One was prepared by Fayette Engineering Company of [[Uniontown, Pennsylvania]], including all the site's [[boulder]]s, trees, and topography, and forwarded to Wright in March 1935.<ref name="hoffmann">{{cite book|title=Frank Lloyd Wright's Fallingwater: The House and Its History|last=Hoffmann|first=Donald|publisher=Dover Publications Inc.|year=1993|edition=2|location=New York|pages=11–25}}</ref>
===Construction===
As reported by Frank Lloyd Wright's apprentices at [[Taliesin (studio)|Taliesin]], Edgar Kaufmann Sr. was in Milwaukee on September 22, nine months after their initial meeting, and called Wright at home early Sunday morning to surprise him with the news that he would be visiting Wright that day. Kaufmann could not wait to see Wright's plans. Wright had told Kaufmann in earlier communication that he had been working on the plans, but had not actually drawn anything. After breakfast that morning, amid a group of very nervous apprentices, Wright calmly drew the plans in the two hours in which it took Kaufmann to drive to Taliesin.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tafel|first=Edgar|title=Apprentice to genius: Years with Frank Lloyd Wright|year=1979|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0070628151}}</ref>
Wright designed the home above the waterfall, rather than below to afford a view of the cascades as Kaufmann had expected.<ref>"[W]hy did the client say that he expected to look from his house toward the waterfall rather than dwell above it?" Edgar Kaufmann Jr., ''Fallingwater: A Frank Lloyd Wright Country House'', New York: Abbeville Press, p. 31. ({{ISBN|0-89659-662-1}})</ref><ref>McCarter, page 7.</ref> It has been said that Kaufmann was initially very upset that Wright had designed the house to sit atop the falls. Kaufmann had wanted the house located on the southern bank of Bear Run, directly facing the falls. He told Wright that they were his favorite aspect of the property.<ref name="ReferenceA" />
The Kaufmanns planned to entertain large groups of people, so the house needed to be larger than the original plot allowed. Also, Mr. and Mrs. Kaufmann requested separate bedrooms, as well as a bedroom for their adult son, and an additional guest room, for a total of four bedrooms.<ref name="ReferenceA" />
A [[cantilever]]ed structure was used to address these requests.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> The structural design for Fallingwater was undertaken by Wright in association with staff engineers Mendel Glickman and William Wesley Peters, who had been responsible for the columns featured in Wright’s revolutionary design for the [[Johnson Wax Headquarters]].
Preliminary plans were issued to Kaufmann for approval on October 15, 1935,<ref name="McCarter, page 12">McCarter, page 12.</ref> after which Wright made an additional visit to the site and provided a cost estimate for the job. In December 1935, an old rock quarry was reopened to the west of the site to provide the stones needed for the house’s walls. Wright visited only periodically during construction, assigning his apprentice [[Robert Mosher]] as his permanent on-site representative.<ref name="McCarter, page 12" /> The final working drawings were issued by Wright in March 1936, with work beginning on the bridge and main house in April.
[[Image:FallingwaterEaves.jpg|thumb|280px|The strong horizontal and vertical lines are a distinctive feature of Fallingwater]]
The construction was plagued by conflicts between Wright, Kaufmann and the construction contractor. Uncomfortable with what he saw as Wright's insufficient experience using [[reinforced concrete]], Kaufmann had the architect's daring cantilever design reviewed by a firm of consulting engineers. Upon receiving their report, Wright took offense, immediately requesting that Kaufmann return his drawings and indicating that he was withdrawing from the project. Kaufmann relented to Wright's gambit, and the engineer’s report was subsequently buried within a stone wall of the house.<ref name="McCarter, page 12" />
For the cantilevered floors, Wright and his team used upside-down T-shaped beams integrated into a monolithic concrete slab which formed both the ceiling of the space below and provided resistance against compression. The contractor, Walter Hall, also an engineer, produced independent computations and argued for increasing the [[rebar|reinforcing steel]] in the first floor’s slab. Wright refused the suggestion. While some sources state that the contractor quietly doubled the amount of reinforcement,<ref name="feldman">Feldman, Gerard C. (2005). "[http://www.structuremag.org/OldArchives/2005/September%202005/Fallingwater-by-Gerard-Feldmann.pdf Fallingwater Is No Longer Falling] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215140243/http://www.structuremag.org/OldArchives/2005/September%202005/Fallingwater-by-Gerard-Feldmann.pdf |date=2010-02-15 }}". Structure magazine (September): pp. 46–50.</ref> others say that Kaufman's consulting engineers – at Kaufman's request – redrew Wright's reinforcing drawings and doubled the amount of steel specified by Wright.<ref name="McCarter, page 12"/>
In addition, the contractor did not build in a slight upward incline in the [[formwork]] for the cantilever to compensate for the settling and [[Deflection (engineering)|deflection]] of the cantilever. Once the concrete formwork was removed, the cantilever developed a noticeable sag. Upon learning of the unapproved steel addition, Wright recalled Mosher.<ref>McCarter, pages 12 and 13.</ref>
With Kaufmann’s approval, the consulting engineers arranged for the contractor to install a supporting wall under the main supporting beam for the west terrace. When Wright discovered it on a site visit, he had Mosher discreetly remove the top course of stones. When Kaufmann later confessed to what had been done, Wright showed him what Mosher had done and pointed out that the cantilever had held up for the past month under test loads without the wall’s support.<ref>McCarter, pages 13.</ref>
The main house was completed in 1938, and the guest house was completed the following year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fallingwater.org/media-resources/fallingwater-facts/|title=Fallingwater Facts - Fallingwater|work=Fallingwater|access-date=2017-12-15|language=en-US}}</ref>
===Cost===
The original estimated cost for building Fallingwater was $35,000. The final cost for the home and guest house was $155,000,<ref name="McCarter, page 59">McCarter, page 59.</ref><ref name="AP-WrightTrinity">{{cite news |title=New Wright house in western Pa. completes trinity of work |author=Plushnick-Masti, Ramit |url=https://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2007-09-27-new-wright-home_N.htm |publisher=Associated Press |date=2007-09-27 |accessdate=2007-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1986-03-09/news/mn-17944_1_edgar-j-kaufmann|title=Frank Lloyd Wright's Masterpiece in Pennsylvania : Fallingwater--Where Man and Nature Live in Harmony|first=EDWARD|last=FROST|date=9 March 1986|publisher=|via=LA Times}}</ref> which included $75,000 for the house; $22,000 for finishings and furnishings; $50,000 for the guest house, garage and servants' quarters; and an $8,000 architect's fee. From 1938 through 1941, more than $22,000 was spent on additional details and for changes in the hardware and lighting.<ref name="Hoffman, page 61">Hoffman, page 61</ref>
The total cost of $155,000, adjusted for inflation, is equivalent to about ${{Inflation|US|0.155|1939|r=1}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}. The cost of the house's restoration in 2001 was estimated to be $11.5 million (approximately ${{Inflation|US|11.5|2001|r=1}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}).<ref name="lowry-2001">{{cite news|url=http://old.post-gazette.com/lifestyle/20011208lowry1208fnp3.asp|title=Restoration of drooping Fallingwater uncovers flaws amid genius|accessdate=2015-06-17|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|first=Patricia|last=Lowry|date=2001-12-08|language=en}}</ref>
===Usage===
Fallingwater was the family's weekend home from 1937 until 1963, when Edgar Kaufmann Jr. donated the property to the [[Western Pennsylvania Conservancy]].<ref name="AP-WrightTrinity"/> The family retreated at Fallingwater on weekends to escape the heat and smoke of industrial Pittsburgh. Liliane enjoyed swimming in the nude and collecting modern art, especially the works of Diego Rivera, who was a guest at the country house.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newsinteractive.post-gazette.com/kaufmann/|title=The Kaufmann Legacy|access-date=2017-12-13|language=en}}</ref>
Kaufmann Jr. said, "[Wright] understood that people were creatures of nature, hence an architecture which conformed to nature would conform to what was basic in people. For example, although all of Falling Water [sic] is opened by broad bands of windows, people inside are sheltered as in a deep cave, secure in the sense of the hill behind them."<ref>{{cite book |last=Curtis |first=William J. R. |title=Modern Architecture Since 1900 |location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J |publisher=Prentice-Hall |year=1983 |isbn= }}</ref>
==Design==
[[Image:Fallingwater sitting area.jpg|thumb|280px|The interior of Fallingwater depicting a sitting area with furnishings designed by Wright]]
Fallingwater stands as one of Wright's greatest masterpieces both for its dynamism and for its integration with its striking natural surroundings. Fallingwater has been described as an architectural ''tour de force'' of Wright's [[organic architecture]].<ref name=Credo>{{cite web|title=Fallingwater|work=The Columbia Encyclopedia|publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref> Wright's passion for [[Japanese architecture]] was strongly reflected in the design of Fallingwater, particularly in the importance of interpenetrating exterior and interior spaces and the strong emphasis placed on harmony between man and nature. Contemporary Japanese architect [[Tadao Ando]] has said of the house:<blockquote>I think Wright learned the most important aspect of architecture, the treatment of space, from [[Japanese architecture]]. When I visited Fallingwater in Pennsylvania, I found that same sensibility of space. But there was the additional sounds of nature that appealed to me.<ref name="ando">{{cite web |year=1995 |title=Tadao Ando, 1995 Laureate: Biography |publisher=The Hyatt Foundation |url=http://www.pritzkerprize.com/laureates/1995/_downloads/1995_bio.pdf |accessdate=5 November 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823205929/http://www.pritzkerprize.com/laureates/1995/_downloads/1995_bio.pdf |archivedate=23 August 2009 |df= }}</ref></blockquote>
The [[organic architecture|organically designed]] private residence was intended to be a nature retreat for its owners. The house is well-known for its connection to the site. It is built on top of an active waterfall that flows beneath the house.
The fireplace [[hearth]] in the living room integrates boulders found on the site and upon which the house was built — ledge rock which protrudes up to a foot through the living room floor was left in place to demonstrably link the outside with the inside. Wright had initially intended that the ledge be cut flush with the floor, but this had been one of the Kaufmann family's favorite sunning spots, so Mr. Kaufmann suggested that it be left as it was.{{citation needed|date=July 2010}} The stone floors are waxed, while the hearth is left plain, giving the impression of dry rocks protruding from a stream.
Integration with the setting extends even to small details. For example, where glass meets stone walls no metal frame is used; rather, the glass and its horizontal dividers were run into a caulked recess in the stonework so that the stone walls appear uninterrupted by glazing. From the cantilevered living room, a stairway leads directly down to the stream below, and in a connecting space which connects the main house with the guest and servant level, a natural [[spring (hydrosphere)|spring]] drips water inside, which is then channeled back out. Bedrooms are small, some with low ceilings to encourage people outward toward the open social areas, decks, and outdoors.
[[Image:FallingwaterPathway.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Driveway leading to the entrance of Fallingwater]]
Bear Run and the sound of its water permeate the house, especially during the spring when the snow is melting, and locally quarried stone walls and cantilevered terraces resembling the nearby rock formations are meant to be in harmony. The design incorporates broad expanses of windows and balconies which reach out into their surroundings. In conformance with Wright's views, the main entry door is away from the falls.
On the hillside above the main house stands a four-bay carport, servants' quarters, and a guest house. These attached outbuildings were built two years later using the same quality of materials and attention to detail as the main house. The guest quarters feature a spring-fed swimming pool which overflows and drains to the river below.
Wright had initially planned to have the house blend into its natural settings in rural Pennsylvania.<ref name="British Library Series">{{cite journal|last=Mims|first=SK|year=1993|title=Teacher Residency at Fallingwater|journal=Experiencing Architecture|volume=45-46|pages=19–24}}</ref> In doing so, he limited his color choices to two colors, light ochre for the concrete and his signature Cherokee red for the steel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fallingwater|url=http://www.fallingwater.org/|accessdate=September 22, 2013}}</ref>
After Fallingwater was deeded to the public, three carport bays were enclosed at the direction of Kaufmann Jr. to be used by museum visitors to view a presentation at the end of their guided tours on the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy (to which the home was entrusted). Kaufmann Jr. designed its interior himself, to specifications found in other Fallingwater interiors by Wright.
== Western Pennsylvania Conservancy ==
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[[Image:FallingwaterCantilever570320cv.jpg|thumb|280px|The [[cantilever]]s at Fallingwater]]
After his father’s death in 1955, Edgar Kaufmann Jr. inherited Fallingwater, continuing to use it as a weekend retreat until the early 1960s. Increasingly concerned with ensuring Fallingwater’s preservation, and following his father’s wishes, he entrusted Fallingwater and approximately 1,500 acres of land to the [[Western Pennsylvania Conservancy]] as tribute to his parents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pittsburghfoundation.org/node/25051|title=Edgar J. Kaufmann Charitable Fund {{!}} The Pittsburgh Foundation|website=pittsburghfoundation.org|language=en|access-date=2017-12-21}}</ref> Edgar Jr. guided the organization’s thinking about Fallingwater’s administration, care and educational programming and was a frequent visitor even as guided public tours began in 1964. Kaufmann’s partner, the architect and designer Paul Mayén, also contributed to the legacy of Fallingwater with a design for the site’s visitor center, completed in 1981.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pennlive.com/life/2017/06/frank_lloyd_wright_fallingwate.html|title=Behind Fallingwater: How Pa. became home to one of Frank Lloyd Wright's greatest works|work=PennLive.com|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US}}</ref> The house attracts more than 160,000 visitors from around the world each year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fallingwater.org/media-resources/fallingwater-facts/|title=Fallingwater Facts - Fallingwater|work=Fallingwater|access-date=2017-12-15|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fallingwater.org/history/about-fallingwater/the-kaufmann-family/|title=The Kaufmann Family - Fallingwater|work=Fallingwater|access-date=2017-12-15|language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Preservation at Fallingwater ===
Fallingwater has shown signs of deterioration over the past 80 years, due in large part to its exposure to humidity and sunlight. The severe freeze-thaw conditions of southwest Pennsylvania and water infiltration also affect the structural materials.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fallingwater.org/history/preservationcollections/preservation-history/|title=Preservation History - Fallingwater|work=Fallingwater|access-date=2017-12-15|language=en-US}}</ref> Because of these conditions, a thorough cleaning of the exterior stone walls is performed periodically. Various areas of the house are repainted as needed as part of the ongoing care of the masonry.
Fallingwater’s six bathrooms are lined with cork tiles. When used as a flooring material, the cork tiles were hand waxed, giving them a shiny finish that supplemented their natural ability to repel water. Over time, the cork has begun to show water damage in locations where water leaks persist. The Conservancy continues to restore these surfaces by removing the damaged cork and restoring the concrete underneath from any water damage before applying new cork tiles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fallingwater.org/history/preservationcollections/preservation-history/|title=Preservation History - Fallingwater|work=Fallingwater|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US}}</ref>
In addition, Fallingwater's [[structural engineering|structural]] system includes a series of very bold [[reinforced concrete]] cantilevered balconies. Pronounced [[Deflection (engineering)|deflection]] of the concrete cantilevers was noticed as soon as formwork was removed at the construction stage. This deflection continued to increase over time, and eventually reached {{convert|7|in}} over a {{convert|15|foot}} span.
[[File:Fallingwater miniature model at MRRV, Carnegie Science Center.JPG|thumb|280px|Miniature replica of the Fallingwater building at [[Miniature Railroad & Village|MRRV]], [[Carnegie Science Center]] in Pittsburgh]]
In 1995, the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy commissioned a study of Fallingwater’s structural integrity. Structural engineers analyzed the movement of the cantilevers over time and conducted radar studies of the cantilevers to locate and quantify the reinforcement. These showed that the contractor had indeed added reinforcement over Wright's plan; nevertheless, the cantilevers were still insufficiently reinforced. An architecture firm was hired to fix the problem.<ref>Saffron, Inga, To keep Fallingwater from falling down, Philadelphia Inquirer Magazine, September 8, 2002, pp. 13-15</ref> Both the concrete and its steel reinforcement were close to their failure limits. As a result, in 1997, temporary girders were installed beneath the cantilevers to carry their weight.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fallingwater.org/history/preservationcollections/preservation-history/|title=Preservation History - Fallingwater|work=Fallingwater|access-date=2017-12-15|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="FallingDown">{{cite news|url=http://www.structuremag.org/archives/2006/Falling%20Water/FallingWater.pdf |format=PDF |title=Repair and Retrofit: Is Falling Water Falling Down? |publisher=Structure Magazine |author=Silman, Robert and John Matteo |date=2001-07-01 |accessdate=2007-09-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927013737/http://www.structuremag.org/archives/2006/Falling%20Water/FallingWater.pdf |archivedate=2007-09-27 |df= }}</ref>
In 2002, the structure was repaired permanently using [[Prestressed concrete#Post-tensioned concrete|post-tensioning]]. The living room flagstone floor blocks were individually tagged and removed. Blocks were joined to the concrete cantilever beams and floor joists, high-strength steel cables were fed through the blocks and exterior concrete walls and tightened using jacks. The floors and walls were then restored, leaving Fallingwater’s interior and exterior appearance unchanged. Today, the cantilevers have sufficient support, and the deflection stopped.<ref>{{cite web|last=Meek|first=Tyler|title=Fallingwater: Restoration and Structural Reinforcement|url=http://failures.wikispaces.com/Fallingwater|accessdate=18 October 2011}}</ref> The Conservancy continues to monitor movement in the cantilevers.
==Depictions in popular culture==
* Fallingwater inspired the fictional Vandamm residence at [[Mount Rushmore]] in the 1959 [[Alfred Hitchcock]] film ''[[North by Northwest]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=The top houses from the movies|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/propertypicturegalleries/9239346/The-top-houses-from-the-movies.html|newspaper=Daily Telegraph}}</ref>
* Composer [[Michael Daugherty]]'s 2013 concerto for violin and string orchestra, "Fallingwater", was inspired by the house.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aJC4kVW4IAc "From the Stage: Michael Daugherty's Fallingwater – November 2013"], Retrieved August 27 2014.</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Pittsburgh}}
* [[Kaufmann Desert House]], another Kaufmann residence
* [[Kentuck Knob]], another Wright-designed residence in the same area
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
===Bibliography===
*{{cite book | first= Frank| last= Trapp| year= 1987| title= Peter Blume| publisher= Rizzoli, New York| id= }}
*{{cite book | first= Donald| last= Hoffmann| year= 1993| title= Frank Lloyd Wright’s Fallingwater: The House and Its History| edition= 2nd| publisher= Dover Publications| isbn= 0-486-27430-6 }}
*{{cite book | first= Stewart| last= Brand| year= 1995| title= How Buildings Learn: What Happens After They're Built| publisher= Penguin Books| isbn= 0-14-013996-6 | authorlink= Stewart Brand}}
*{{cite book | first= Robert| last= McCarter| year= 2002| title= Fallingwater Aid (Architecture in Detail)| publisher= Phaidon Press| isbn= 0-7148-4213-3}}
==Further reading==
* Donald Hoffman, ''Fallingwater: The House and Its History'' (Dover Publications, 1993)
* Edgar Kaufmann Jr., ''Fallingwater: A Frank Lloyd Wright Country House'' (Abbeville Press 1986)
* Robert McCarter, ''Fallingwater Aid (Architecture in Detail)'' (Phaidon Press 2002)
* [[Franklin Toker]], ''Fallingwater Rising: Frank Lloyd Wright, E. J. Kaufmann, and America's Most Extraordinary House'' (Knopf, 2005)
* Lynda S. Waggoner and the [[Western Pennsylvania Conservancy]], ''Fallingwater: Frank Lloyd Wright's Romance With Nature'' (Universe Publishing 1996)
==External links==
{{commons category|Fallingwater}}
*[http://www.fallingwater.org Official website]
*[http://waterlandlife.org/163/ Western Pennsylvania Conservancy website]
*[http://archrecord.construction.com/news/2011/07/110728-Fallingwater.asp Architectural Record article]
*[http://old.post-gazette.com/ae/20030925fallingwater0925fnp3.asp Pittsburgh Post-Gazette article]
*[http://www.wright-house.com/frank-lloyd-wright/fallingwater-pictures/F1SW-fallingwater-in-fall.html Photographs]
*[{{NRHP-PA|H000868_01J.pdf}} National Register nomination form]
{{Frank Lloyd Wright}}
{{National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania}}
{{Pittsburgh Metro Area}}
{{Protected areas of Pennsylvania}}
[[Category:Frank Lloyd Wright buildings]]
[[Category:Houses in Fayette County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Museums in Fayette County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Houses completed in 1939]]
[[Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Pennsylvania state historical marker significations]]
[[Category:Laurel Highlands]]
[[Category:Modernist architecture in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Fayette County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Restored and conserved buildings]]
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