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Teks kuno [[Perjanjian Baru]] meliputi lebih dari 5.800 naskah [[bahasa Yunani]] manuscripts, 10.000 naskah [[bahasa Latin]] dan 9.300 naskah dalam bahasa-bahasa kuno lain (termasuk [[bahasa Suryani]], [[bahasa Slavia]], [[bahasa EtiopiatEtiopia]] dan [[bahasa Armenia]]). Naskah-naskah itu memuat sekitar 300.000 varian tekstual, sebagian besar meliputi pertukaran urutan kata dan perbedaan penulisan yang trivial.<ref name=wallace_on_majority>{{cite web|last= Wallace|first= Daniel|title= The Majority Text and the Original Text: Are They Identical?|url= https://bible.org/article/majority-text-and-original-text-are-they-identical|accessdate= 23 November 2013|deadurl= no|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000201/https://bible.org/article/majority-text-and-original-text-are-they-identical|archivedate= 3 December 2013|df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Westcott and Hort|title= The New Testament in The Original Greek: Introduction Appendix|url= https://books.google.com/?id=7ZxUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2&dq=The+New+Testament+in+the+Original+Greek#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate= 23 November 2013|year= 1896}}</ref> Jadi selama lebih dari 250 tahun dilakukan kritis teks mendalam, para sarjana Perjanjian Baru dapat menyatakan tidak ada varian tekstual yang mempengaruhi doktrin apapun. Profesor [[D. A. Carson]] menyatakan: "tidak ada dari apa yang kita percayai secara doktrinal benar, dan tidak ada dari apa yang diperintahkan kepada kita untuk dilakukan, yang diubah oleh varian-varian itu. Ini benar untuk tradisi tekstual manapun. Penafsiran perikop-perikop individual dapat saja dipertanyakan; tetapi tidak pernah ada doktrin yang terdampak."<ref name=wallace_on_majority/><ref>
{{Cite book
|url= https://books.google.com/?id=uQWTxDdIO6IC&pg=PA133&lpg=PA133&dq=D.+A.+Carson+nothing+we+believe+to+be+doctrinally+true,+and+nothing+we+are+commanded+to+do,+is+in+any+way+jeopardized+by+the+variants.#v=onepage&q=D.%20A.%20Carson%20nothing%20we%20believe%20to%20be%20doctrinally%20true,%20and%20nothing%20we%20are%20commanded%20to%20do,%20is%20in%20any%20way%20jeopardized%20by%20the%20variants.&f=false
</ref>
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The sheer number of witnesses presents unique difficulties, chiefly in that it makes stemmatics in many cases impossible, because many writers used two or more different manuscripts as sources. Consequently, New Testament textual critics have adopted [[eclecticism]] after sorting the witnesses into three major groups, called text-types. {{As of | 2017}} the most common division distinguishes:
{| border="1" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|- style="background:#cef2e0; text-align:center;"
! width="20%"|Text type !! width=" 10%" |Date!!Characteristics!! Bible version
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| The [[Alexandrian text-type]]<br />(also called the "Neutral Text" tradition; less frequently, the "Minority Text")||2nd–4th centuries CE|| This family constitutes a group of early and well-regarded texts, including [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|Codex Vaticanus]] and [[Codex Sinaiticus]]. Most representatives of this tradition appear to come from around [[Alexandria, Egypt]] and from [[Coptic Church|the Alexandrian Church]]. It contains readings that are often terse, shorter, somewhat rough, less harmonised, and generally more difficult. The family was once{{when|date=August 2017}} thought{{by whom|date=August 2017}} to result from a very carefully edited 3rd-century [[recension]], but now is believed to be merely the result of a carefully controlled and supervised process of copying and transmission. It underlies most translations of the New Testament produced since 1900.||[[New International Version|NIV]], [[New American Bible|NAB]], [[New American Bible Revised Edition|NABRE]], [[Douay]], [[Jerusalem Bible|JB]] and [[New Jerusalem Bible|NJB]] (albeit, with some reliance on the Byzantine text-type), [[Today's New International Version|TNIV]], [[New American Standard Bible|NASB]], [[Revised Standard Version|RSV]], [[English Standard Version|ESV]], [[Emphasized Bible|EBR]], [[New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures|NWT]], [[The Living Bible|LB]], [[American Standard Version|ASV]], [[New Century Version|NC]], [[Good News Bible|GNB]], [[Christian Standard Bible|CSB]]
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|The [[Western text-type]]||3rd–9th centuries CE ||Also a very early tradition, which comes from a wide geographical area stretching from North Africa to Italy and from [[Gaul]] to Syria. It occurs in Greek manuscripts and in the Latin translations used by the [[Western church]]. It is much less controlled than the Alexandrian family and its witnesses are seen to be more prone to [[paraphrase]] and other corruptions. It is sometimes called the [[Caesarean text-type]]. Some [[New Testament]] scholars would argue that the Caesarean constitutes a distinct text-type of its own.||[[Vetus Latina]]
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| The [[Byzantine text-type]]; also, [[Koine Greek|Koinē]] text-type <br />(also called "Majority Text")||5th–16th centuries CE||This group comprises around 95% of all the manuscripts, the majority of which are comparatively very late in the tradition. It had become dominant at [[Constantinople]] from the 5th century on and was used throughout the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] in the Byzantine Empire. It contains the most harmonistic readings, paraphrasing and significant additions, most of which are believed{{by whom|date=August 2017}} to be secondary readings. It underlies the [[Textus Receptus]] used for most [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]]-era translations of the New Testament.|| [[King James Version|KJV]], [[New King James Version|NKJV]], [[Tyndale Bible|Tyndale]], [[Coverdale Bible|Coverdale]], [[Geneva Bible|Geneva]], [[Bishops' Bible]], [[Orthodox Study Bible|OSB]]
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=== Talmud ===
Textual criticism of the Talmud has a long pre-history but has become a separate discipline from Talmudic study only recently.<ref>Economic analysis in Talmudic literature: rabbinic thought in the .Roman A. Ohrenstein, Barry Gordon.. Page 9 2009 "In fact, textual criticism of the Talmud is as old as the Talmud itself. In modern times, however, it became a separate scholarly concern, where scientific method is applied to correct corrupt and incomprehensible passages.</ref> Much of the research is in Hebrew and German language periodicals.<ref>The treatise Ta'anit of the Babylonian Talmud: [[Henry Malter]] – 1978 It goes without saying that the writings of modern authors dealing with textual criticism of the Talmud, many of which are scattered in Hebrew and German periodicals, are likewise to be utilized for the purpose.</ref>
In view of the need to represent historical texts primarily through transcription, and because transcriptions required encoding for every aspect of text that could not be recorded by a single keystroke on the [[QWERTY]] keyboard, encoding was invented. [[Text Encoding Initiative]] (TEI) uses encoding for the same purpose, although its particulars were designed for scholarly uses in order to offer some hope that scholarly work on digital texts had a good chance of migrating from aging operating systems and/or digital platforms to new ones, and the hope that standardization would lead to easy interchange of data among different projects.<ref name="ecommons.luc.edu"/>
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=== Software ===
Sejumlah program dan standar komputer sudah ada untuk mendukung para penyunting edisi-edisi kritis. Ini termasuk:
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