Penyelamatan gua Tham Luang: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
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==Perencanaan==
Regu penyelamat harus melawan naiknya permukaan air. Pemimpin operasi penyelamatan mengatakan bahwa tim yang terjebak perlu belajar menyelam atau menunggu berbulan-bulan hingga airnya mengering.<ref name="VOX-20180707">{{cite news |last1=Viswanathan |first1=Radhika |last2=Barclay |first2=Eliza |title=The 4 risky options to rescue the Thai boys trapped in a cave, explained - The boys may have to swim out of the cave, accompanied by a “buddy” expert diver. |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/7/7/17541602/thai-cave-rescue-boys-options-diving |date=7 July 2018 |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |accessdate=7 July 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707191151/https://www.vox.com/2018/7/7/17541602/thai-cave-rescue-boys-options-diving |archivedate=7 July 2018}}</ref><ref name = "bbc-months">{{Cite news |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44692813 |title=Thai boys 'could be in cave for months' |date= 3 July 2018 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date= 3 July 2018 |language= en-GB |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180703021541/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44692813 |archivedate= 3 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |url= https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/thai-cave-boys-to-get-4-months-food-diving-training |title=Thai cave rescue: 12 boys and coach to get 4 months' food, diving training |date=3 July 2018 |work= [[The Straits Times]] |access-date= 3 July 2018}}</ref> Normalnya, gua terendam saat [[musim hujan]] yang berlangsung hingga September atau Oktober.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44720785|title=Thai cave rescuers in 'race against the rain'|date=5 July 2018|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=5 July 2018|language=en-GB|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705110815/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44720785|archivedate=5 July 2018}}</ref>
Survei menunjukkan sebagian gua terendam air. Tim pelajar terjebak {{convert|3.2|km}}<ref name="TG-20180708-1143a">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Thailand cave rescue: first two boys brought out – live - 11:43 am/et/usa|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2018/jul/08/thailand-cave-rescue-operation-divers-trapped-boys-live?page=with:block-5b422ae2e4b0cb7e6f6c3312#block-5b422ae2e4b0cb7e6f6c3312 |date=8 July 2018 |work=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=8 July 2018 }}</ref> dari pintu gua dan {{convert|800|–|1000|m}} di bawah permukaan gunung.<ref name=":4" /> Beberapa bagian gua terendam dan beberapa bagian lain sangat sempit.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44695232|title=How might the trapped Thai boys be rescued?|date=4 July 2018|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=5 July 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ada pula bagian gua yang arusnya kencang dan tanpa jarak pandang.<ref name="TG-20180702">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2018/jul/02/thailand-cave-rescue-divers-search-for-missing-football-team-live|title=Thailand cave rescue: medics reach boys|last=Reymenants|first=Ben|date=3 July 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=3 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702230537/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2018/jul/02/thailand-cave-rescue-divers-search-for-missing-football-team-live|archivedate=2 July 2018|deadurl=no|type=live updates|df=}}</ref> Butuh waktu enam jam untuk masuk gua (melawan arus) dan lima jam keluar (mengikuti arus).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-44747049|title=Thai boys 'can walk but can't dive yet'|date=6 July 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=6 July 2018|language=en-GB|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706185748/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-44747049|archivedate=6 July 2018}}</ref> even for experienced divers,<ref name=":1" /> Seseorang berpeluang meninggal apabila panik di tengah perjalanan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/thailand-diving-dangers-thailand-cave-rescue-a8430006.html|title=Thailand cave rescue: Diving expert explains the dangers of trying to lead the children to safety?|work=The Independent|access-date=6 July 2018|language=en-GB|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704083058/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/thailand-diving-dangers-thailand-cave-rescue-a8430006.html|archivedate=4 July 2018}}</ref> Regu penyelamat mencari pintu gua alternatif untuk mempercepat perjalanan keluar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/us-uk-teams-join-thailands-search-for-13-missing-in-cave/2018/06/27/453594dc-7a82-11e8-ac4e-421ef7165923_story.html|title=Thai rescuers search for other entrances to flooded cave|publisher=''[[The Washington Post]]''|language=en|access-date=5 July 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705204041/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/us-uk-teams-join-thailands-search-for-13-missing-in-cave/2018/06/27/453594dc-7a82-11e8-ac4e-421ef7165923_story.html|archivedate=5 July 2018}}</ref> Bor digunakan untuk mengeringkan air dan sempat dipertimbangkan untuk membuka jalur keluar yang lebih mudah, tetapi lokasi pengeboran yang cocok tidak ditemukan.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/05/rescuers-draining-thai-cave-in-hope-football-team-can-walk-out-before-rains|title=Thai cave rescue: army drains site in bid to free boys before monsoon|last=Safi|first=Michael|date=5 July 2018|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=5 July 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705145812/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/05/rescuers-draining-thai-cave-in-hope-football-team-can-walk-out-before-rains|archivedate=5 July 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Water pumping near Tham Luang cave.jpg|thumb|Pompa dipakai untuk mengeringkan air dari gua dan danau hilir]]
Regu penyelamat memasang sistem pemompaan air dari gua dan mengalihkan arus air yang masuk. Berkat cuaca kemarau yang tidak lazim, {{convert|1.5|cm}} air dipompa per jam pada 5 Juli. Regu penyelamat bisa berjalan ke dalam gua sejauh {{convert|1.5|km}}. Namun, hujan lebat diperkirakan turun tanggal 8 Juli sehingga berpotensi menghambat proses ini dan bahkan membanjiri tempat tim terjebak.<ref name="BBC-20180705">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Thailand cave: Rescuers in race against weather as rains close in |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44720785 |date=5 July 2018 |work=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=5 July 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705110815/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44720785 |archivedate=5 July 2018 }}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Tanggal 4 Juli 2018, {{convert|1.600.000|l/hour|gal/hour|abbr=on}} telah dipompa ke luar gua.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/07/03/asia/thai-rescue-next-phase-intl/index.html|title=Thailand cave rescue: Search teams unsure how to free boys|first=Steve|last=George|first2=Kocha|last2=Olarn|work=CNN|accessdate=6 July 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705061904/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/07/03/asia/thai-rescue-next-phase-intl/index.html|archivedate=5 July 2018}}</ref> [[Republik Ceko]] menawarkan pompa canggih buatan dalam negeri; pemerintah Ceko memiliki empat pompa berkapasitas 400 liter per detik ({{convert|1.440.000|l/hour|gal/hour|abbr=on}}).<ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=http://www.visegradgroup.eu/news/babis-offers-help-in|title=The Visegrad Group: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia - Babis offers help in rescuing Thai boys from flooded cave|first=Webra International|last=Kft.|date=4 July 2018|website=www.visegradgroup.eu|accessdate=6 July 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707023028/http://www.visegradgroup.eu/news/babis-offers-help-in|archivedate=7 July 2018}}</ref>
Pada tanggal 6 Juli 2018, regu penyelamat menemukan bahwa kadar oksigen di dalam gua menurun. Mereka khawatir tim di gua berpotensi mengalami [[hipoksia (medis)|hipoksia]] apabila dibiarkan menunggu lebih lama.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/06/health/thai-soccer-team-oxygen-bn/index.html|title=How a lack of oxygen is affecting the Thai soccer team |website=CNN |accessdate=6 July 2018 |date=6 July 2018 |last=Scutti |first=Susan}}</ref><ref name="The New York Times">{{cite web |last1=Ives |first1=Mike |last2=Paddock |first2=Richard C. |last3=Suhartono |first3=Muktita |title=Thai Cave Rescue Will Be a Murky and Desperate Ordeal, Divers Say |url=https://nytimes.com/2018/07/06/world/asia/thai-cave-rescue-divers.html |website=The New York Times |accessdate=8 July 2018 |language=en |date=6 July 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707043109/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/06/world/asia/thai-cave-rescue-divers.html |archivedate=7 July 2018 }}</ref> Saluran pasokan udara kemudian dipasang di dalam gua.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44748924|title=Thailand cave rescue: Boys tell parents 'don't worry' in letters|date=7 July 2018|publisher=BBC|accessdate=7 July 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707104655/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44748924|archivedate=7 July 2018}}</ref> Pada 8 Juli, kadar oksigen turun menjadi 15%; kadar yang diperlukan bagi manusia untuk bertahan hidup antara 19,5% dan 23,5%.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/07/06/health/thai-soccer-team-oxygen-bn/index.html|title=How a lack of oxygen is affecting the Thai soccer team|last=CNN|first=Susan Scutti,|work=CNN|access-date=8 July 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708084509/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/07/06/health/thai-soccer-team-oxygen-bn/index.html|archivedate=8 July 2018}}</ref>
=== Penyelam ===
Pemimpin regu operasi penyelamatan memutuskan bahwa tim siswa dikeluarkan oleh penyelam berpengalaman.<ref name="NYT-20180706interactive">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Inside the Thai Cave: How Rescuers Are Trying to Save a Soccer Team - interactive |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/07/06/world/asia/thai-cave-rescue.html |date=6 July 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=8 July 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708051210/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/07/06/world/asia/thai-cave-rescue.html |archivedate=8 July 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Para penyelam ini perlu mengajarkan keterampilan menyelam dan mempersiapkan tim secara fisik dan mental untuk menghadapi perjalanan yang sangat sulit.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="The New York Times"/> Cuaca menentukan waktu dan cara operasi penyelamatan.<ref name="BBC-20180705" />
Pada tanggal 4 Juli, dua penyelam gua asal Britania Raya, Jason Mallinson dan Chris Jewel, terbang ke Thailand membawa peralatan menyelam seberat {{convert|500|kg}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.xray-mag.com/content/cave-divers-mallinson-and-jewel-fly-out-thailand/|title=Cave divers Mallinson and Jewel fly out to Thailand"|last=Lunn|first=Rosemary E.|date=|publisher=X-Ray Magazine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705003723/https://www.xray-mag.com/content/cave-divers-mallinson-and-jewel-fly-out-thailand/|archivedate=5 July 2018|deadurl=no|accessdate=6 July 2018}}</ref> Keesokan harinya, dua orang penyelamat gua berpengalaman diterbangkan dari Britania Raya untuk membantu penyelam gua memantau situasi permukaan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.xray-mag.com/content/two-more-brit-cave-rescuers-fly-thailand-today/|title=Two more Brit cave rescuers fly to Thailand today|last=Lunn|first=Rosemary E.|date=|publisher=X-Ray Magazine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706110329/https://www.xray-mag.com/content/two-more-brit-cave-rescuers-fly-thailand-today/|archivedate=6 July 2018|deadurl=no|accessdate=6 July 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Rain at Tham Luang cave entrance.jpg|thumb|Pintu utama gua di tengah hujan lebat]]
Koordinator [[Pencarian dan penyelamatan di Amerika Serikat|US National Rescue Commission]], Anmar Mirza, pakar [[penyelamatan gua]] dengan pengalaman selama 30 tahun, sepakat bahwa membawa keluar anak-anak dengan menyelam "sangat berbahaya". Namun, apabila banjir semakin parah sehingga tidak memungkinkan menunggu lebih lama atau mencari pintu gua lain, menyelam keluar harus dipertimbangkan secara matang.<ref name="CBS-20180704">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Cave rescue expert: Diving Thai soccer team out "incredibly dangerous" |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/thailand-cave-rescue-expert-diving-thai-boys-out-incredibly-dangerous/ |date=4 July 2018 |work=[[CBS News]] |accessdate=4 July 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705003722/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/thailand-cave-rescue-expert-diving-thai-boys-out-incredibly-dangerous/ |archivedate=5 July 2018 }}</ref> Pada 5 Juli, regu penyelamat mempertimbangkan mengajarkan anak-anak menyelam.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2018/jul/05/thailand-cave-rescue-thai-free-boys-football-soccer-team-monsoon-rain-live|title=Thailand cave rescue: boys may be able to 'walk out' as water levels drop – live|last=Lyons|first=Kate|date=5 July 2018|work=The Guardian|access-date=5 July 2018|last2=Safi|first2=Michael|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705095624/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2018/jul/05/thailand-cave-rescue-thai-free-boys-football-soccer-team-monsoon-rain-live|archivedate=5 July 2018}}</ref>
=== Bendungan pengalih arus ===
Sebuah bendungan pengalih arus berbahan batu dibangun di hulu sungai. Bendungan dan pompa menurunkan permukaan air di dalam gua. Airnya dialihkan ke lahan pertanian di sekitar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/thai-cave-rescue-farmers-happy-even-though-fields-ruined-to-help-clear-exit-for-trapped|title=Thai cave rescue: Farmers happy even though fields ruined to help clear exit for trapped boys|first=|last=hermesauto|date=5 July 2018|website=straitstimes.com|accessdate=6 July 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706022153/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/thai-cave-rescue-farmers-happy-even-though-fields-ruined-to-help-clear-exit-for-trapped|archivedate=6 July 2018}}</ref> Para relawan sempat tidak sengaja memompa air ke cekungan [[air tanah]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Thailand cave rescue: Volunteers inadvertently pumped water back into tunnels |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/07/05/thailand-cave-race-drain-water-caverns-before-new-rains-arrive/758692002/ |website=USA TODAY |accessdate=5 July 2018 |language=en |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705065536/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/07/05/thailand-cave-race-drain-water-caverns-before-new-rains-arrive/758692002/ |archivedate=5 July 2018 }}</ref>
=== Kamp logistik===
Kamp logistik dibangun di depan pintu gua. Ratusan relawan dan wartawan beserta regu penyelamat ditempatkan di sana. Tempat ini dibagi menjadi beberapa zona. Ada zona khusus Pasukan Katak AL Thailand, personel militer lain, dan penyelamat sipil, zona khusus keluarga, dan zona pers dan umum.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-44736582|title=Thai cave boys unite community in hope|last=Cheung|first=Helier|date=6 July 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=6 July 2018|language=en-GB|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706145318/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-44736582|archivedate=6 July 2018}}</ref>
===Korban jiwa===
Pada 6 Juli 2018 01:00 waktu setempat, seorang Perwira Rendah pasukan khusus Angkatan Laut Thailand yang berusia 38 tahun,<ref name= "NYT-20180706">{{cite news |title=Thailand Cave Updates: Rescue Diver Dies, and Oxygen Is a Concern |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/04/world/asia/thailand-cave-rescue-updates.html |date= 6 July 2018 |work= [[The New York Times]] |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180706122921/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/04/world/asia/thailand-cave-rescue-updates.html |archivedate= 6 July 2018 |accessdate=6 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="TDT-20180706">{{cite news |last1= Smith |first1=Nicola |last2= Sumon |first2= Nuttakarn |title= Thailand cave rescue: Diver dies while trying to save trapped group as time runs out |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/07/06/diver-dies-thai-cave-rescue-effort/ |date= 6 July 2018 |work= [[The Daily Telegraph]] |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180706123936/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/07/06/diver-dies-thai-cave-rescue-effort/ |archivedate= 6 July 2018 |accessdate= 6 July 2018}}</ref> Saman Gunan ({{lang-th|สมาน กุนัน}}; {{RTGS|Saman Kunan}}) meninggal karena kehabisan udara saat sedang mengantarkan tabung oksigen ke dalam gua.<ref name= "CNN-20180706">{{cite news |last1= Olarn |first1=Kocha |last2= McKirdy |first2= Euan |last3= Dewan |first3= Angela |title= Thai cave rescuers face race against time as oxygen levels drop |url= https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/05/asia/thai-cave-diver-intl/ |date=6 July 2018 |work= [[CNN News]] |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180706124419/https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/05/asia/thai-cave-diver-intl/ |archivedate= 6 July 2018 |accessdate= 6 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-44734385|title= Diver dies in Thailand cave rescue attempt|date= 6 July 2018|work= [[BBC News]]|access-date= 6 July 2018|language= en-GB|deadurl= no|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180706025632/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-44734385|archivedate= 6 July 2018|df= dmy-all}}</ref> Saman membantu tim penyelamatan secara suka rela, dan pada waktu itu sedang mencoba menempatkan tabung oksigen sepanjang rute penyelamatan untuk misi-misi selanjutnya. Akan tetapi, di tengah jalan, ia kehabisan udara dan kehilangan kesadaran saat sedang mencoba kembali ke permukaan gua.<ref name="Chicago Tribune">{{cite web |title=Former Thai navy SEAL working to rescue soccer team trapped in cave dies from lack of oxygen, authorities say |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-thai-cave-rescue-20180705-story,amp.html |website=Chicago Tribune |accessdate=8 July 2018 |language=en |date=5 July 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706045952/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-thai-cave-rescue-20180705-story,amp.html |archivedate=6 July 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="USA TODAY">{{cite web |last1=May |first1=Ashley |title=Who was the former Thai navy SEAL who died during cave rescue operations to save soccer team? |url=https://amp.usatoday.com/amp/762526002 |website=USA TODAY |accessdate=8 July 2018 |language=en |date=6 July 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706195033/https://amp.usatoday.com/amp/762526002 |archivedate=6 July 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Ia berhasil dikembalikan ke permukaan oleh seorang rekan penyelam, akan tetapi pertolongan pernapasan gagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.nationtv.tv/main/content/378638798/ |title= เปิดประวัติ..จ่าสมาน ซีล ผู้เสียสละชีวิต ช่วยทีมหมูป่า |date= 6 July 2018 |work= Nation TV |language= th |access-date= 6 July 2018 |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180706104133/http://www.nationtv.tv/main/content/378638798/ |archivedate= 6 July 2018 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> Ia akan diberikan penguburan yang sepenuhnya dibiayai kerajaan di Bangkok.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/06/thai-navy-seals-pay-tribute-diver-died-cave-rescue |title= Thai navy Seals pay tribute to diver who died in cave rescue |last= Busby |first= Mattha |date= 2018-07-06 |work= The Guardian |access-date= 6 July 2018 |language= en-GB |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180706105021/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/06/thai-navy-seals-pay-tribute-diver-died-cave-rescue |archivedate= 6 July 2018 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
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