Kerja sama tertingkatkan: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Kerja sama tertingkatkan''' ({{lang-en|Enhanced cooperation}}) adalah prosedur di mana minimal sembilan negara [[Uni Eropa]] (UE) diizinkan mengambil langkah-langkah [[Integrasi Eropa|integrasi]]{{sfnp|Smit|2015|ps=: Konsep dasar integrasi Eropa berasal dari gagasan persatuan, yang berarti penciptaan aturan-aturan yang seragam yang berlaku di semua negara anggota UE.|p=17}} atau [[kerja sama]] tingkat lanjut dalam lingkungan [[Lembaga-lembaga Uni Eropa|struktur UE]] tanpa perlu melibatkan negara-negara UE lainnya. Dengan prosedur ini mereka dapat mengambil kebijakan dengan kecepatan serta tujuan-tujuan yang berbeda. Prosedur ini dirancang untuk menanggulangi terhambatnya suatu inisiatif oleh satu atau beberapa negara anggota yang tidak ingin menjadi bagian dalam inisiatif tersebut. Negara anggota dapat memilih untuk bekerja sama pada salah satu bidang yang dicakup oleh [[Perjanjian Uni Eropa|Perjanjian]], kecuali bidang yang kewenangannya eksklusif hanya untuk UE serta bidang kebijakan luar negeri dan keamanan. Otoritas pelaksanaan kerja sama tertingkatkan diberikan oleh [[Dewan Uni Eropa|Dewan]], atas usulan [[Komisi Eropa|Komisi]] setelah mendapat persetujuan dari [[Parlemen Eropa]]. Sejak Februari [[2013]], prosedur ini telah digunakan untuk bidang [[Hukum Uni Eropa|hukum]] perceraian, [[paten]], pengaturan harta pasangan internasional, jaksa publik [[Eropa]], juga diusulkan untuk bidang [[pajak]] transaksi keuangan dan investasi [[superkomputer]].{{sfnmp|1a1=European Union|1y=n.d.|1ps=: Enhanced cooperation is a procedure where a minimum of 9 EU countries are allowed to establish advanced integration or cooperation in an area within EU structures but without the other EU countries being involved. This allows them to move at different speeds and towards different goals than those outside the enhanced cooperation areas. The procedure is designed to overcome paralysis, where a proposal is blocked by an individual country or a small group of countries who do not wish to be part of the initiative. It does not, however, allow for an extension of powers outside those permitted by the EU Treaties.|2a1=Smit|2y=2015|2p=10|3a1=Council|3y=2013a|4a1=European Commission|4y=2018b}}

 

== Referensi ==

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* {{Cite web|author=BSC|author-link=|year=2018|url=https://www.bsc.es/news/bsc-news/step-forward-the-eurohpc-project-the-ec-proposes-invest-eur-1-billion-world-class-european|title=Step forward for the EuroHPC project: the EC proposes to invest EUR 1 billion in world-class European supercomputers|location=[[Barcelona ]]|publisher=Barcelona Supercomputing Center|language=en |access-date=31 Mei 2018|ref=harv}}

* {{Cite work|last=Cédelle |first=Anzhela

|year=2015|url=https://www.sbs.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Business_Taxation/Docs/Publications/Working_Papers/Series_15/WP1533a.pdf|title= Enhanced cooperation: A way forward for tax harmonisation in the EU? |work=Working paper series|location=[[Oxford]]|publisher=Oxford University Centre for Business Taxation |language=en |series=WP 15/33|issn=|isbn=|ref=harv}}

* {{Cite work|author=Council |author-link=Dewan Uni Eropa|year=2013a|url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ecofin/134949.pdf|title= Financial transaction tax: Council agrees to enhanced cooperation|work=Press|location=[[Brussels]]|publisher=Council of the European Union|language=en |series=5555/13|issn=|isbn=|ref=harv}}

* {{Cite work|author=Council |author-link=Dewan Uni Eropa|year=2013b |url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/intm/135593.pdf|title=Signing of the Unified Patent Court agreement|work=Press|location=[[Brussels]]|publisher=Council of the European Union|language=en |series=6590/13|issn=|isbn=|ref=harv}}

* {{Cite journal|last=Robert|first=Julien|year=2015|url=https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/sites/default/files/institutional_functioning_of_the_eu_2014-2015_0.pdf|title=Enhanced Cooperation: Negative "Multi-Speed Europe" or Reality within an EU of 28 Member States|journal=The Institutional Functioning of the EU |location=[[Maastricht]]|publisher=Maastricht University|language=en |volume=V|issue=2014-2015|pp=75-83|ref=harv}}

* {{Cite thesis|last=Smit|first=Emma|year=2015|url=https://is.muni.cz/th/420457/fss_m/Emma_Smit_thesis.pdf |title=Enhanced cooperation as a form of differentiated integration in the European Union (A case study of the Rome III and Unitary Patent Regulation) |type=Master thesis|location=[[Utrecht]]|publisher=University of Utrecht |language=|access-date=|ref=harv}}

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[[Kategori:Uni Eropa]]