Kyrou Paideia: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''''Kyrou Paideia''''' ({{lang-el|Κύρου παιδεία}}; '''''Cyropaedia''''') adalah sebuah [[biografi]]<ref name="Sancisi-Weerdenburg">{{citation|last=Sancisi-Weerdenburg|first=Heleen|chapter=Cyropaedia|title=Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume=6.5|year=1993|location=Costa Mesa|publisher=Mazda|chapter-url=http://www.iranica.com/articles/cyropaedia-gr}}</ref> tetang kaisar [[Kekaisaran Akhemeniyah|Persia]], [[Koresh yang Agung]]. ''Kyrou Paideia'' ditulis oleh seorang prajurit [[Athena (kota)|Athena]] abad ke-4 SM, [[Xenophon]]. ''Kyrou Paedia'' sendiri bermakna "Pendidikan Koresh."
== Isi ==
Dalam substansinya, ''Cyropaedia'' adalah suatu "roman politik, menggambarkan pendidikan pemimpin idela, dilatih untuk memerintah sebagai seorang penguasa yang murah hati atas bawahn-bawahannya yang mengagumi dan menurutinya."<ref name="Miller">{{citation|author=Xenophon|title=Cyropaedia: The Education of Cyrus|editor=Miller, Walter |year=1914|location=London|publisher=William Heinemann Ltd.|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0204%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D}}</ref>
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Although it is "generally agreed" that Xenophon "did not intend ''Cyropaedia'' as history",<ref name="Sancisi-Weerdenburg" /> it remains unclear whether this work was intended to fit into any other classical genre known before. Its validity as a source of [[Achaemenid]] history has been repeatedly questioned, and numerous descriptions of events or persons have been determined to be in error.<ref name="Sancisi-Weerdenburg" /> However, it is not clear that the work was intended to be used this way.<ref name="Nadon"/>
Despite such doubts, it has been argued that Xenophon's ''Cyropaedia'' offers a glimpse of the character of [[Cyrus the Great]] of [[Achaemenid]] [[Persia]]. The source gives "an artist's portrait" of Cyrus as "the Ideal Ruler and the best form of Government", a description that "could not have been painted had there not been a credible memory of such a Cyrus".<ref name="Max">{{citation|first=Max|last=Mallowan|authorlink=Max Mallowan|chapter=Cyrus the Great|editor= Ilya Gershevitch |editor2=William Bayne Fisher |editor3=J. A. Boyle |year=1985|title=The Cambridge History of Iran 2|isbn=0-521-20091-1|location=|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} p. 417.</ref> Xenophon (c. 431 – 355 BC) was not a contemporary of Cyrus (c. 580 – 530 BC) and it is likely that at least some of the information about Persia was based on events that occurred at the later Achaemenid court. Xenophon had been in Persia himself, as part of the "[[Ten Thousand (Greek)|Ten Thousand]]" Greek soldiers who fought on the losing side in a Persian civil war, events which he recounted in his ''[[Anabasis (Xenophon)|Anabasis]]''. It is also possible that stories of the great King were recounted (and embellished) by court society and that these are the basis of Xenophon's text.
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=== Buku 1===
Buku ini dibuka dengan si pengarang menyatakan bahwa karya ini dimulai sebagai perenungan tentang apa yang membuat rakyat dengan sukarela menuruti sejumlah penguasa dan bukan yang lainnya. Di mana-mana, pengarang mengamati, manusia gagal mematuhi penguasanya; satu perkecualian adalah Koresh (''Cyrus''), raja Persia, "yang membuat sejumlah besar orang dan kota dan bangsa menjadi patuh".<ref name="Miller"/>
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There then follows a list of the king's conquests, and the author seeks to understand why his subjects obeyed him "willingly". The work narrates the king's entire life, and so only the first of the 8 books concerns the "education of Cyrus" (''cyropaedia'') strictly speaking.
This first book is devoted to Cyrus' descent, education and his stay at the court of his maternal grandfather, the [[Medes|Median]] dynast [[Astyages]]. It has been noted by scholars that Xenophon's description of Persian education in their pre-imperial time is strikingly unusual, and appears to be based upon the traditions of [[Sparta]], the subject of Xenophon's own work the ''[[Constitution of the Lacedemonians]]''.
=== Buku 2–7===
Books 2 through 7 cover Cyrus' life while still an important vassal of the [[Medes]], on his career towards establishing the largest empire the world had known until that date. It is in this main part of the work that the character Cyrus is often shown as an example of classical virtue, but is also at the same time often seen as showing [[Machiavellian]] tendencies. In this version of events, Cyrus is a faithful vassal to the Medes, someone who initially helps them as a general to defend themselves from a much more powerful and assertive [[Babylonia]]n empire, which was being ruled by the tyrannical son of a more respected king. He does this partly by carefully building up alliances with nations such as the [[Armenians]], their neighbours whom he referred to as [[Chaldea]]ns, [[Hyrcanians]], [[Cadusians]], [[Saka]], and [[Susians]]. The remaining allies of Babylon included many nations of Asia Minor, as well as a corps of Egyptian infantry. For their final great field battle, [[Croesus]] of [[Lydia]] was general. Cyrus then returns with an increasingly international army to Babylon, and is able to avoid a long siege by deflecting the course of the river through it, and then sending soldiers in over the dry bed, during a festival night. That Babylon was conquered on the night of a festival by diverting the Euphrates River from its channel is also stated by Herodotus (1.191). (This is significantly different to the events as they are currently understood.)
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=== Buku 8 ===
Buku 8 adalah sketsa kepemimpinan Koresh sebagai raja dan pandangannya mengenai monarki.
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This last section of this book (8.8) also describes the rapid collapse of the empire of Cyrus after he died. This final section of book eight has been argued to be by another later author, or alternatively to be either a sign of Xenophon's theoretical inconsistency concerning his conception of an ideal ruler, or a sign that Xenophon did not mean to describe an ideal ruler in any simple way.<ref>Sage (1994)</ref>
Other related characters, of questionable historical truth, appear in the narrative as well. For example, the romance of [[Abradatas]] and Pantheia forms a part of the latter half of the narrative (v.1.3, vi.1.31ff, vi.4.2ff, vii.3.2ff).<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Smith
| first = William
| author-link = William Smith (lexicographer)
| contribution = Abradatas
| editor-last = Smith
| editor-first = William
| title = [[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]
| volume = 1
| pages = 3
| publisher =
| place =
| year = 1867
| contribution-url = http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0012.html }}</ref>
-->
==Warisan==
Dalam sastra purbakala klasik, ''Cyropaedia'' dianggap suatu karya agung dari seorang pengarang yang dihormati dan dipelajari secara luas.<ref name=Nadon4>{{harvtxt|Nadon|2001|p=4}}</ref> [[Polybius]], [[Cicero]], [[Tacitus]], [[Dionysios dari Halikarnassos]], [[Quintilianus]], [[:en:Aulus Gellius|Aulus Gellius]] dan [[:en:Longinus (literature)|Longinus]] "menempatkannya pada peringkat di antara filsuf dan sejarawan terbaik".<ref name=Nadon3>{{harvtxt|Nadon|2001|p=3}}</ref> Para penulis klasik percaya bahwa Xenophon menyusun karya ini sebagai respons terhadap ''[[Republik (Plato)|Republik]]'' karya [[Plato]], atau sebaliknya, dan karya Plato yang lain, ''[[:en:Laws (dialogue)|Laws]]'' nampaknya merujuk kepada ''Cyropaedia''.<ref>{{harvtxt|Diogenes Laertius|3.34}}</ref> Di antara para pemmimpin zaman klasik, [[:en:Scipio Aemilianus|Scipio Aemilianus]] dikatakan selalu membawa satu salinan bersamanya,<ref name="Cawkwell">{{citation| last=Cawkwell| first=George|<!-- authorlink=George Cawkwell -->| title=The Persian Expedition ''(introduction)''|publisher=Penguin Classics|year=1972}}</ref> dan merupakan bacaan favorit [[Aleksander Agung]] dan [[Julius Caesar]].<ref name=Nadon6>{{harvtxt|Nadon|2001|p=6}}</ref>
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