Betlehem, Galilea: Perbedaan antara revisi

Karena kedekatannya dengan Nazaret, beberapa sejarawan mengusulkan bahwa tempat itu adalah Betlehem di mana [[Yesus]] dilahirkan. Aviram Oshri, seorang arkeolog senior dengan [[Israel Antiquities Authority]], mendukung klaim ini,<ref name="HA1">[http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/geopedia/Bethlehem Bethlehem] National Geographic</ref> meskipun orang-orang lain di lembaga ini menolaknya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.inquisitr.com/1709847/israeli-archaeologist-says-jesus-christ-was-born-in-bethlehem-of-galilee/|title=Israeli Archeologist says Jesus was born in Bethlehem...of Galilee?|website=Inquisitr.com|access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref>

Pada tahun 1517, desa itu dimasukkan dalam wilayah [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]], dan pada catatan pajak tahun 1596 muncul sebagai ''Bayt Lahm'', yang terletak di ''Nahiya'' dari [[Tiberias|Tabariyya (Tiberias)]] dari ''Liwa'' dari [[Safed|Safad (Safed)]]. Populasinya adalah 27 rumah tangga dan dua orang bujangan, semua [[Muslim]]. Mereka membayar pajak sebesar 25% untuk produk-produk pertanian, termasuk gandum, jelai, kapas, sayuran dan buah kebun, sesekali pendapatan lain, kambing dan sarang lebah; berjumlah 1200 [[Akçe]].<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 188</ref><ref>Note that Rhode, 1979, p. [https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century 6] writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied from the Safad-district was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9</ref>

Pada tahun 1859, konsul Britania Rogers menyatakan bahwa populasinya adalah 110 orang, dan pengolahan tanah seluas enam belas feddans.<ref name="SWP270">Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/270/mode/1up 270]</ref>

Pada [[Sensus Palestina 1922]] yang dilakukan oleh [[Mandat Britania atas Palestina|pemerintah Mandat Britania]], Bait Lam memiliki jumlah penduduk 224 jiwa; 111 orang Kristen dan 113 orang Muslim.<ref name="Census1922">Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n35/mode/1up 33]</ref> Dari antara orang-orang Kristen, 95 orang [[Protestanisme|Protestan]] dan 16 Katolik Yunani (Melkites).<ref>Barron, 1923, Table XVI, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n51/mode/1up 49]</ref> Ini telah meningkat sedikit pada [[Sensus Palestina 1931]] menjadi 235 jiwa; 135 orang Muslim, 99 orang Kristen dan 1 orang Yahudi, dengan total 51 rumah yang dihuni.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. [[iarchive:CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas|88]]</ref>

Pada tahun 1932 [[Partai Nazi]] memperoleh dua anggota pertama di Palestina; Karl Ruff dan Walter Aberle dari koloni Templer di Haifa.<ref>Balke, 2001, p. 41.</ref> Dalam tahun 1930-an, orang-orang Betlehem juga bergabung dengan partai itu, menunjukkan pudarnya afinitas idealisme asli kaum Templer. Pada bulan Agustus 1939, 17% seluruh Jerman Kristen di Palestina adalah anggota Partai Nazi.<ref>Sauer, 1996, p. 17</ref> Setelah [[Kenaikan Hitler|Nazi mengambil alih kekuasaan]] di Jerman, semua sekolah internasional berbahasa Jerman bersubsidi atau yang sepenuhnya dibiayai oleh dana pemerintah diwajibkan untuk mempekerjakan guru-guru yang sealiran dengan Partai Nazi. Pada tahun 1933, para fungsionaris Templer mengimbau kepada [[Paul von Hindenburg]] dan Kantor Luar Negeri untuk tidak menggunakan simbol swastika untuk institusi-institusi Jerman di Palestina dan menyuarakan oposisi terhadap boikot toko-toko Yahudi di Jerman.<ref>Balke, 2001, p. 81</ref> Kemudian, oposisi ini mereda. Pada tanggal 20 Agustus 1939 pemerintah Jerman memanggil semua orang Kristen Jerman di Palestina untuk bergabung dengan [[Wehrmacht]] dan 350 orang mendaftar.

Pada tahun 1945 penduduk ''Beit Lam'' terdiri dari 370 orang; 210 orang&nbsp; Muslim dan 160 orang Kristen,<ref name="1945data">Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p13.jpg 13]</ref> dan total lahan 7,526 [[dunam]] menurut seorang pejabat tanah dan survei penduduk.<ref name="Hadawi47">Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Haifa/Page-047.jpg 47]</ref> 6 dunam tanah adalah tempat khusus untuk jeruk dan pisang, 278 dunam untuk perkebunan dan tanah yang diairi, 4,796 untuk sereal,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Haifa/Page-089.jpg 89]</ref> sementara 51 dunam menjadi area built-up.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Haifa/Page-139.jpg 139]</ref>

* {{cite book | editor =Barron, J. B. | title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923}}

* {{cite book | first=Ralf|last=Balke | title = Hakenkreuz im Heiligen Land: Die NSDAP-Landesgruppe Palästina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9rxXAAAACAAJ |location =Erfurt|publisher = Sutton| year = 2001|isbn=3-89702-304-0}}

* {{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=Claude Reignier|authorlink1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H. H.|authorlink2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp01conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|volume=1}}

* {{cite journal|last=Dalali-Amos|first=Edna|date=2011-07-04|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1724&mag_id=118 |title=Bet Lehem Ha-Gelilit Final Report|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=123}}

* {{cite book | last= Dauphin |first = Claudine | title = La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ |volume = III : Catalogue | series = BAR International Series 726 | year = 1998 | publisher = Archeopress | location = Oxford|language =French|isbn= 0-860549-05-4}}

* {{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Department of Statistics|year=1945|publisher=Government of Palestine}}

* {{cite book|last=Guérin|first=Victor|authorlink=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr01unkngoog|volume=3: Galilee, pt. 1|year=1880|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=French}}

* {{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first1=Sami|last1=Hadawi|authorlink=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}

* {{cite book | last1= Hütteroth |first1=Wolf-Dieter |first2=Kamal | last2=Abdulfattah | title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ | year = 1977 | publisher = Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft|isbn= 3-920405-41-2}}

* {{cite book|editor = Mills, E.|title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932}}

* Negev,Avraham/Gibson,Shimon, 2001, Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land, New York/London

* {{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E. H.|authorlink=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}

* {{cite book|last=Rhode |first=Harold|authorlink=Harold Rhode

* {{cite journal | last = Schumacher | first =G.| authorlink = Gottlieb Schumacher | title = Population list of the Liwa of Akka | journal = Quarterly statement - Palestine Exploration Fund | volume = 20 | pages = 169–191 | url =https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale | year = 1888}}

* Sauer, Paul: ''Vom Land um den Asperg im Namen Gottes nach Palästina und Australien: Die wechselvolle Geschichte der Tempelgesellschaft'', lecture held on 20 October 1995 in Burgstetten on the occasion of the 750th anniversary of Kirschenhardthof, printed as ''Schriftenreihe TG'', No. 1 (1996)

* {{cite journal|last=Tepper|first=Yotam|authorlink=Yotam Tepper|date=2016-04-14|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=24964&mag_id=124 |title=Bet-Lehem Ha-Gelilit |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=128}}