Isabel dari Kastila: Perbedaan antara revisi

Dengan pandangan politik yang luas, Isabel mengambil kesempatan ini dan mengadakan pertemuan di Madrigal-Segovia (April–Oktober 1476)<ref name="Historian Marvin">[[#Lunenfeld|_{<big>↓</big>}]] Historian Marvin Lunenfeld: "In 1476, immediately after the indecisive battle of Peleagonzalo ''<nowiki>[near Toro]</nowiki>'', Ferdinand and Isabella hailed the result as a great victory and called a cortes at Madrigal. The newly created prestige was used to gain municipal support from their allies(...)" in [https://books.google.com/books?ei=h-Q1T83PEoK2hAfisv2RAg&ct=book-thumbnail&hl=pt-PT&id=QoFBAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22The+council+of+the+Santa+hermandad%3A+a+study+of+the+pacification+forces+of+Ferdinand+and+Isabella%2C+Marvin+Lunenfeld%22&q=%22indecisive+battle+of+Peleagonzalo%22 ''The council of the Santa Hermandad: a study of the pacification forces of Ferdinand and Isabella''], University of Miami Press, 1970, p. 27.</ref> dan menyumpah putrinya sebagai pewaris takhta Kastila, yang sama saja mengabsahkan takhta Isabel sendiri.

 

 

Di sisi lain, Kastila dan Portugis bersaing untuk menguasai Samudera Atlantik dan mencari kekayaan dari [[Teluk Guinea]] (emas dan budak) di Afrika Barat, yang mana kemudian berujung pada Perang Guinea.<ref name="Battle of Guinea (40)">[[Battle of Guinea]]: [[#Palencia|_{<big>↓</big>}]] Alonso de Palencia, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-1A3cWT_1kAC&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&dq=%22Alonso+de+Palencia+decada+cuarta+naves+castellanas%22&source=bl&ots=kdDs0IZIC2&sig=1GhLLlK7uT95iMhwkS2KqoLeBJQ&hl=pt-PT&ei=zGpZTbrYFIKAhQf-9YyDDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved Década IV], Book XXXIII, Chapter V (''"Disaster among those sent to the mines of gold ''<nowiki>[Guinea]</nowiki>''. Charges against the King..."''), pp. 91–94. This was a decisive battle because after it, in spite of the Catholic Monarchs' attempts, they were unable to send new fleets to Guinea, Canary or to any part of the Portuguese empire until the end of the war. The [[John II of Portugal|''Perfect Prince'']] sent an order to drown any Castilian crew captured in Guinea waters. Even the Castilian navies which left Guinea before the signature of the peace treaty had to pay the tax ("quinto") to the Portuguese crown when they returned to Castile after the peace treaty. Isabella had to ask permission of Afonso V so that this tax could be paid in Castilian harbours. Naturally all this caused a grudge against the Catholic Monarchs in Andalusia.</ref><ref name="Historian Malyn Newitt">[[#Newitt|_{<big>↓</big>}]] Historian Malyn Newitt: ''"However, in 1478 the Portuguese surprised thirty-five Castilian ships returning from Mina ''<nowiki>[Guinea]</nowiki>'' and seized them and all their gold. Another...Castilian voyage to Mina, that of [[Eustache de la Fosse]], was intercepted ... in 1480. (...) All things considered, it is not surprising that the Portuguese emerged victorious from this '''first maritime colonial war'''. They were far better organised than the Castilians, were able to raise money for the preparation and supply of their fleets, and had clear central direction from ... ''<nowiki>[Prince]</nowiki>'' John."'' In [http://www.google.com/search?q=%22the+Portuguese+emerged+victorious+from+this+first+maritime+colonial+war.%22+&btnG=Pesquisar+livros&tbm=bks&tbo=1&hl=pt-PT ''A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 1400–1668''], Routledge, New York, 2005, pp. 39–40.</ref>

 

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