Calakmul: Perbedaan antara revisi
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==Etimologi==
Calakmul adalah nama modern. Menurut Cyrus L. Lundell (yang menamai situs ini), ''ca'' dalam [[rumpun bahasa Maya|bahasa Maya]] berarti "dua", ''lak'' bermakna "bersebelahan", dan ''mul'' artinya adalah gundukan buatan atau piramida, sehingga nama ''Calakmul'' berarti "Kota Dua Piramida yang Bersebelahan".<ref>{{cite web | title = Zona Arqueológica de Calakmul | publisher = Instituto Nacional de Arqueología e Historia | date = 2013-10-07 | url = http://www.inah.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5448 | accessdate = 2013-04-16 |language=Spanish}}</ref> Pada zaman kuno, pusat kota ini dikenal dengan sebutan ''Ox Te' Tuun'', yang berarti "Tiga Batu". Nama lain yang dikaitkan dengan tempat ini (atau mungkin juga wilayah yang lebih luas di sekitarnya) adalah ''Chiik Naab'''. Para penguasa Calakmul menyebut gelar mereka ''k'uhul kaanal ajaw'' (secara harfiah berarti "Penguasa Ilahi Ular"), tetapi keterkaitan antara gelar ini dengan situs Calakmul masih belum pasti.<ref name="MartinGrube00p104">Martin & Grube 2000, hlm. 104.</ref>
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==Location==
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The earliest legible texts referring to the kings of the Kaan dynasty come from excavations of the large city of [[Dzibanche]] in [[Quintana Roo]], far north of Calakmul.<ref name="MartinGrube00p103"/> A hieroglyphic stairway depicts bound captives, their names and the dates they were captured together with the name of king Yuknoom Che'en I, although the exact context of the king's name is unclear - the captives may have been his vassals captured by an enemy or they may have been rulers captured by the king of Calakmul. The dates are uncertain but two of them may fall within the 5th century AD.<ref name="MartinGrube00p103"/> The nearby Quintana Roo site of [[El Resbalón]] has a jumbled hieroglyphic text, including a date in 529, that indicates that the city was within the control of the Kaan dynasty.<ref>Martin & Grube 2000, pp.103-104.</ref>
By the middle of the 6th century AD Calakmul was assembling a far-reaching political alliance, activity that brought the city into conflict with the great city of Tikal.<ref name="MartinGrube00p104"
In 561, the king now known as [[Sky Witness]] installed a ruler at the site of [[Los Alacranes]].<ref name="MartinGrube00p104"/> Sky Witness played a major part in the political events of the Maya region. He became the overlord of the city of [[Caracol]], to the south of Naranjo, which had previously been a vassal of Tikal.<ref name="MartinGrube00p104"/> In 562, according to a damaged text at Caracol, Sky Witness defeated Tikal itself and sacrificed its king [[Wak Chan K'awiil]], thus ending his branch of the royal dynasty at Tikal.<ref name="MartinGrube00p104"/> This catastrophic defeat began a 130-year hiatus for Tikal, reflecting an extended period of dominance by Calakmul.<ref name="MartinGrube00p104"/> This event is used as a marker to divide the Early Classic from the Late Classic.<ref>Miller 1999, p.89.</ref> Sky Witness is also mentioned at [[Yo'okop|Okop]], a site much further north in Quintana Roo.<ref name="MartinGrube00p104"/> The last reference to Sky Witness occurs at Caracol and is dated to AD 572. The text is damaged but probably records the death of this powerful king.<ref name="MartinGrube00p104"/>
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