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== Arkeologi ==
Sepanjang tahun 1950-an, [[J.M. Cook|J. M. Memasak]] dan G. E. Bean melakukan survei arkeologi lengkap di Caria.<ref>{{Harvardharvnb|Bass|1963|p=356 citation no brackets[Footnote]}}: "G. E. Bean and J. M. Cook, ''BSA'' 47 (1952) 171ff; ''BSA'' 50 (1955) 85ff; ''BSA'' 52 (1957) 58ff."</ref> Masak akhirnya menyimpulkan bahwa bangsa Caria hampir tanpa ada bukti [[prasejarah]] yang tetap. Menurut laporan, dari masa ketiga milenium sebagian besar hanya ditemukan terbatas pada beberapa daerah atau di dekat pantai Aegean. Tidak ada temuan dari milenium kedua yang dikenal selain dari sisa-sisa Submycenean di Asarlik dan sisa-sisa [[Helladic period|Mycenaean]] di [[Miletos|Miletus]] dan dekat [[Milas|Mylasa]]. Secara arkeologis, tidak ada yang membedakan tentang bangsa Carians karena bahan bukti sejauh ini hanya menunjukkan bahwa budaya mereka adalah hanya sebuah refleksi dari kebudayaan Yunani.<ref>{{harvnb|Cook|1959-1960|p=50 under '''Caria'''}}: "Except in the extreme east, where it is approached from the Maeander valley, Caria seems to be almost totally barren of prehistoric remains; considering the archaeological reconnaissances that have recently been carried out here, this lacuna is noteworthy. Finds of third-millennium date are confined to a very few points on or near the Aegean coast, with the curious exception of one find-spot which seems to be near Yatağan at the head of the Marsyas valley. No second-millennium remains are known apart from the Mycenaean at Miletus, the Submycenaean at Asarlik (Termera) opposite Cos, and the reports of Mycenaean from the vicinity of Mylasa. It is now asserted by some scholars that the Carians were a people, perhaps Indo-European, who inhabited the interior of Anatolia and only descended to Caria and the Aegean at the end of the Bronze Age; but this is far from harmonising with the Greek tradition about them, and the writer for one finds it difficult to explain the Mycenaean in Caria (and perhaps adjacent islands) as being anything other than Carian. Our difficulty with early Caria is that we have no means as yet of distinguishing Carians; archaeologically their culture appears as little more than a reflection of contemporary Greek culture. Excavation of early Carian settlements is urgently needed."</ref>
Selama tahun 1970-an, penggalian arkeologi lanjutan di Caria mengungkapkan bangunan Mycenean di [[Iasus (Caria)|Iasus]] (dengan dua "[[Peradaban Minoa|Minoan]]" tingkat di bawah mereka),<ref>{{harvnb|Mitchell|McNicoll|1978-1979|p=79 under '''Caria'''}}: "At '''Iasus''' Mycenaean buildings, approximately dated by the presence of LH IIIa ware, have been found below the protogeometric cemetery. Below this again two 'Minoan' levels are reported, the earlier containing local imitations of MM II-LM I ware, the later imported pieces of the Second Palace Period (''AJA'' [1973], 177-8). Middle and Late Minoan ware has also occurred at '''Cnidus''' (''AJA'' [1978], 321)."</ref> serta [[Protogeometric]] dan bahan sisa [[Seni Geometris|Geometris]] (yaitu kuburan dan tembikar).<ref>{{Harvardharvnb|Mitchell|McNicoll|1978-1979|p=79 citationunder no brackets'''Caria'''}}: "There has been much archaeological activity in Caria, and there is little doubt that the discoveries made in the last decade, when fully published, will provoke a reappraisal of Carian history at all periods. Mycenaean discoveries at Iasus and elsewhere have already been mentioned (p. 63). Protogeometric and geometric finds have also been abundant. On the coast a tomb at '''Dirmil''' produced 8th century B.C. pottery (C. Özgünel, ''Belleten'' 40 [1976], 3 ff.) and there is geometric pottery from the settlement at '''Iasus''', as well as protogeometric ware of a distinct Carian style from the cemetery beneath the Roman agora (''ASAA'' [1969/70], 464 ff.). Inland, at '''Beçin''', the fortified site which was presumably the precursor of Mylasa, a geometric cemetery has been excavated by A. Akarca (''Belleten'' xxxv [1971], 1-52). These finds and the Carian geometric style are discussed by J. N. Coldstream, ''Geometric Greece'' (1977), 258-60. Since then a group of geometric ''kotylai'' from '''Euromus''' has been published by C. Özgünel, ''AA'' (1977), 8-13."</ref> Para arkeolog juga menegaskan kehadiran bangsa Carians di [[Sardis]], [[Rodos|Rhodes]], dan di [[Mesir|Mesir,]] di mana mereka melayani sebagai tentara bayaran dari [[Firaun]]. Di Rhodes, secara khusus, jenis ruang-makam Carian yang dikenal sebagai ''Ptolemaion'' dapat dikaitkan dengan periode hegemoni bangsa Carian di pulau tersebut.<ref>{{Harvardharvnb|Mitchell|McNicoll|1978-1979|p=79 citationunder no brackets'''Caria'''}}: "Carians also made their mark abroad, and recent work sheds light on their presence in Sardis (J. G. Pedley, ''JHS'' [1974], 96-9), Rhodes (P. M. Fraser, ''Rhodian Funerary Monuments'' [1977], 5, a chamber-tomb of Carian type known as the Ptolemaion, probably belonging to the period of Carian hegemony in the island for which see ''id''., ''BSA'' [1972], 122-3), and above all in Egypt as mercenaries in the Pharaonic armies (O. Masson, ''Bull. Soc. Fr. d'Egyptologie'' lvi [1969], 25-36; A. B. Lloyd, ''JEA'' [1978], 107-10)."</ref> Meskipun saat periode kegiatan arkeologi ini meningkat, bangsa Carians masih tidak muncul sebagai suatu kelompok asli dari [[Anatolia]] karena kedua pesisir dan daerah-daerah pedalaman dari Caria yang hampir kosong sepanjang zaman prasejarah.<ref>{{Harvard citation no bracketsharvnb|Bass|1963|p=356}}: "J. M. Cook, after his thorough and exhaustive survey of the area with G. Bean, doubts that the Carians occupied Caria during the second millennium B.C. for, with the exception of Miletus, and Mylasa with its scanty Mycenaean remains, "the coast appears a blank on the map...and the interior of Caria seems to have been virtually uninhabited throughout prehistoric times. Paton and Myres had previously suggested that the lack of Mycenaean remains in Caria, within sight of so many islands which were occupied by Mycenaeans, must have been due to some unknown mainland opposition."</ref>
Adapun asumsi bahwa bangsa Carians turun dari pemukim [[Neolitikum|Neolitik]], ini bertentangan dengan fakta bahwa pada masa Neolitik daerah Caria pada dasarnya sepi.<ref>{{Harvard citation no bracketsharvnb|Drews|2001|p=260}}: "That Neolithic Caria was uninhabited is quite incredible. Hacilar directly east of Caria, was a Neolithic settlement already in 8000 B.C."</ref> Meskipun populasi masa Neolitik mungkin sangat kecil tetapi pemukiman di Caria telah ada,<ref>{{Harvard citation no bracketsharvnb|Drews|2001|p=260}}: "In short, the population of Neolithic Caria may have been very small..."</ref> orang-orang yang dikenal sebagai "Carians" mungkin sebenarnya berasal dari Aegean yang menetap di barat daya Anatolia selama milenium kedua SM.<ref>{{Harvard citation no bracketsharvnb|Bienkowski|Millard|2000|pp=65–66}}: "'''Caria, Carians''' A region of south-west Turkey, south of *Lydia, Caria was first settled in the *Neolithic but became a distinctive culture only in the first millennium BC. Carians may originally have been of *Aegean origin and settled in the area in the second millennium BC. The earlier first-millennium BC communities seem to have been independent, mainly *temple centres for native deities, and Caria came under Lydian control. There was considerable *Hellenistic influence, and already the *pottery of the eighth and seventh centuries BC had a geometric tradition similar to that of east Greece. In 546 BC, Caria was brought under *Persian rule and placed under the Lydian satrapy. By the fourth century BC, its culture was similar to that of a *Greek city-state. The Carian *language is related to Luwian (*Hittite) and is known from inscriptions written in a local form of the Greek *alphabet discovered in Caria and others in Egypt by Carian mercenaries."</ref>
== Lihat juga ==
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