Krisis kepresidenan Venezuela: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 2:
|title=Krisis Presidensial Venezuela 2019
|partof=[[Krisis di Venezuela]]
|image=[[
|caption=[[Nicolás Maduro]] (kiri) [[Juan Guaidó]] (kanan)
|date={{Start date|2019|1|10|df=y}} – kini <br> ({{Age in years, months and days|year= 2019|month= 1|day= 10}})|place=[[Venezuela]]
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|side1={{center|'''Pemerintah Resmi'''}}
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|side2={{center|'''Pemerintah Transisi'''}}
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'''Krisis kepresidenan Venezuela tahun 2019''' adalah sebuah perselisihan presiden yang menyebabkan krisis nasional di Venezuela, yang sudah berlangsung sejak 10 Januari 2019 lalu.
Presiden petahana [[Nicolás Maduro]] dinyatakan sebagai pemenang pemilihan presiden Mei 2018; yang mana proses dan hasil pemilu itu banyak diperdebatkan.<ref name="BriefingNYT">{{Cite news|title=Climate Change, U.S. Shutdown, Michael Cohen: Your Friday Briefing|last=Bullock, Penn|date=10 January 2019|work=New York Times (Online)|quote=President Nicolás Maduro was inaugurated for a second term after an election last year that was widely considered illegitimate — and despite a plummeting economy and skyrocketing violence, hunger and migration.|via=ProQuest}}</ref>
Unjuk rasa massa di seluruh Venezuela dan dunia terjadi pada 23 Januari ketika Guaido meminta rakyat Venezuela untuk berdemonstrasi menentang Maduro.<ref name="BBCProt">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-46979531|title=Protestas en Venezuela: miles de personas participan en manifestaciones masivas contra el gobierno de Maduro|date=23 January 2019|work=BBC News Mundo|access-date=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="MarchasMasivas">{{Cite news|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2019/01/24/las-50-fotos-de-las-masivas-marchas-contra-la-dictadura-de-nicolas-maduro-en-venezuela-y-latinoamerica/|title=Las 50 fotos de las masivas marchas contra la dictadura de Nicolás Maduro en Venezuela y Latinoamérica|date=24 January 2019|work=Infobae|access-date=30 January 2019}}</ref>
Pertemuan khusus di [[Organisasi Negara-negara Amerika]] pada 24 Januari dan di [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|PBB]] pada 26 Januari diadakan, tetapi tidak ada konsensus yang tercapai.
Pemerintahan Maduro menyatakan bahwa krisis saat ini adalah sebuah [[kudeta]] dipimpin oleh Amerika Serikat untuk menggulingkannya dan mengendalikan cadangan minyak negara yang besar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.presidencia.gob.ve/Site/Web/Principal/paginas/classMostrarEvento3.php?id_evento=12708|title=Canciller Arreaza advierte que objetivo de plan golpista es el petróleo venezolano|publisher=presidencia.gob.ve|access-date=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rt.com/news/450083-venezuela-fm-us-oil-coup/|title=‘Oil’ the ‘sole and real’ purpose behind US ‘coup’ attempt, says Venezuela’s foreign minister|publisher=RT|access-date=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-maduro-afirma-petroleo-principal-motivo-presion-eeuu-contra-venezuela-20190130061636.html|title=Maduro afirma que el petróleo es el principal motivo de la presión de EEUU contra Venezuela|publisher=Europa Press|access-date=30 January 2019}}</ref>
== Latar Belakang ==
Sejak 2010, Venezuela menderita krisis sosial-ekonomi di bawah pimpinan [[Nicolás Maduro]] (dan secara singkat di bawah pendahulunya, [[Hugo Chávez|Hugo Chavez]]), karena tingkat kejahatan yang meningkat, [[hiperinflasi]], dan kualitas hidup yang rendah.<ref name="unstable">{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/06/business/venezuela-chavez-oil-economy/|title=Chavez leaves Venezuelan economy more equal, less stable|last=Kevin Voigt|date=6 March 2013|publisher=CNN|access-date=6 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="FPmarch2013">{{Cite news|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/03/07/the-house-that-chavez-built/|title=The House That Chavez Built|last=Corrales|first=Javier|date=7 March 2013|work=[[Foreign Policy]]|access-date=6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="NPRdec2014">{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2014/12/25/373128433/for-venezuela-drop-in-global-oil-prices-could-be-catastrophic|title=For Venezuela, Drop In Global Oil Prices Could Be Catastrophic|last=Siegel|first=Robert|date=25 December 2014|publisher=[[NPR]]|access-date=4 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="ELPAISfeb2015">{{Cite news|url=http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2015/01/30/actualidad/1422646346_475356.html|title=Volver a ser pobre en Venezuela|last=Scharfenberg|first=Ewald|date=1 February 2015|work=El Pais|access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="FPcoupFATIGUE">{{Cite news|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/03/15/coup-fatigue-in-caracas-venezuela-maduro/|title=Coup Fatigue in Caracas|last=Lansberg-Rodríguez|first=Daniel|date=15 March 2015|agency=''[[Foreign Policy]]''|access-date=10 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="economist.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21526365|title=Venezuela's economy: Medieval policies|date=20 August 2011|work=[[The Economist]]|access-date=23 February 2014}}</ref> Sebagai akibat dari ketidakpuasan terhadap pemerintah, koalisi oposisi pun terpilih menjadi koalisi mayoritas pada Majelis Nasional untuk pertama kalinya sejak 1999; setelah pemilihan parlemen 2015.<ref name="NYTmuzzle">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/30/world/americas/venezuelas-supreme-court-takes-power-from-legislature.html|title=Venezuela Muzzles Legislature, Moving Closer to One-Man Rule|last=Casey|first=Nicholas|date=30 March 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|last2=Torres|first2=Patricia|page=A1|access-date=31 March 2017}}</ref>
Pengadilan kemudian menyetujui beberapa tindakan oleh Maduro dan memberinya kekuatan lebih pada 2017.<ref name="NYTmuzzle">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/30/world/americas/venezuelas-supreme-court-takes-power-from-legislature.html|title=Venezuela Muzzles Legislature, Moving Closer to One-Man Rule|last=Casey|first=Nicholas|date=30 March 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|last2=Torres|first2=Patricia|page=A1|access-date=31 March 2017}}</ref>
=== Pemilihan Presiden 2018 ===
[[
Pada bulan Februari 2018, Maduro menyerukan pemilihan presiden empat bulan sebelum tanggal yang ditentukan.<ref name="BBCweighs">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-42984448|title=Venezuela opposition weighs election run|date=8 February 2018|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=8 February 2018}}</ref> Ia dinyatakan sebagai pemenang pada Mei 2018 setelah beberapa partai oposisi utama tidak diperbolehkan berpartisipasi. Selain itu, terdapat pula beberapa penyimpangan lainnya. Banyak yang menyatakan bahwa pemilihan itu tidak sah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/gobierno/anc-aprobo-decreto-para-validacion-los-partidos-politicos_216253|title=ANC aprobó un decreto para la validación de los partidos políticos|date=20 December 2017|website=El Nacional}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-46805683|title=Por qué es polémico que Maduro jure como presidente de Venezuela y por qué lo hace ahora si las elecciones fueron en mayo|last=Olmo (@BBCgolmo)|first=Guillermo D.|date=10 January 2019|work=BBC News Mundo|access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://efectococuyo.com/politica/maduro-gana-con-la-abstencion-historica-mas-alta-en-comicios-presidenciales/|title=Maduro gana con la abstención histórica más alta en comicios presidenciales - Efecto Cocuyo|website=efectococuyo.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221101748/http://efectococuyo.com/politica/maduro-gana-con-la-abstencion-historica-mas-alta-en-comicios-presidenciales/|archive-date=21 December 2018|dead-url=no|access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-42304594|title=Venezuela opposition banned from running in 2018 election|date=11 December 2017|website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Berpasangan dengan seorang yang memandangan kepemimpinan Maduro sebagai kediktatoran yang tidak efektif,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.americasquarterly.org/content/venezuelas-odd-transition-dictatorship|title=Venezuela's Odd Transition to Dictatorship|last=Corrales|first=Javier|website=[[Americas Quarterly]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220103221/http://www.americasquarterly.org/content/venezuelas-odd-transition-dictatorship|archive-date=20 December 2016|dead-url=no|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/21/venezuela-president-maduro-recall-referendum|title=Venezuelans warn of 'dictatorship' after officials block bid to recall Maduro|last=Brodzinsky|first=Sibylla|date=21 October 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209230102/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/21/venezuela-president-maduro-recall-referendum|archive-date=9 December 2016|dead-url=no|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2016/08/23/almagro-maduro-se-transforma-en-dictador-por-negarle-a-venezolanos-derecho-a-decidir-su-futuro/#0|title=Almagro: Maduro se transforma en dictador por negarles a venezolanos derecho a decidir su futuro|date=24 August 2016|work=[[CNN en Español]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220135042/http://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2016/08/23/almagro-maduro-se-transforma-en-dictador-por-negarle-a-venezolanos-derecho-a-decidir-su-futuro/|archive-date=20 December 2016|dead-url=no|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref> para politisi dari dalam maupun luar negeri menyatakan bahwa Maduro tidak dipilih secara sah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/venezuela-s-sham-election|title=Venezuela's Sham Election|last=Sen|first=Ashish Kumar|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-gb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118135833/http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/venezuela-s-sham-election|archive-date=18 November 2018|dead-url=no|access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref> Dalam bulan-bulan menjelang pelantikannya pada 10 Januari 2019, Maduro ditekan untuk mundur oleh negara-negara dan badan-badan termasuk ''Kelompok Lima'' (selain Meksiko), Amerika Serikat, dan [[Organisasi Negara-negara Amerika|OAS]] (Organisasi Negara-negara Amerika). Tekanan ini semakin meningkat seiring dengan dilantiknya anggota Majelis Nasional Venezuela yang baru pada tanggal 5 Januari 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/401e52a0-1405-11e9-a581-4ff78404524e|title=Venezuela Swears in an illegitimate President|last=|first=|date=|website=Financial Times|language=en-GB|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/10/world/americas/venezuela-maduro-inauguration.html|title=Venezuela Is in Crisis. So How Did Maduro Secure a Second Term?|last=Herrero|first=Ana Vanessa|date=10 January 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|last2=Specia|first2=Megan|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111012015/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/10/world/americas/venezuela-maduro-inauguration.html|archive-date=11 January 2019|dead-url=no|access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/peru-paraguay-recall-diplomats-maduro-inauguration-190110180310100.html|title=Peru, Paraguay recall diplomats over Maduro inauguration {{!}} Venezuela News|website=Aljazeera.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110232447/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/peru-paraguay-recall-diplomats-maduro-inauguration-190110180310100.html|archive-date=10 January 2019|dead-url=no|access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref> Maduro menolak Majelis Nasional pada tahun 2017;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-46821653|title=Venezuela's Maduro begins second term|date=10 January 2019|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110231014/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-46821653|archive-date=10 January 2019|dead-url=no|access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref> yang disebut sebagai "satu-satunya lembaga yang dipilih secara demokratis yang tersisa di negara ini".{{Efn|Sources directly claiming that the National Assembly is the "only democratically elected" or "only legitimate" political body in Venezuela include: ''[[Financial Times]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/839b90f8-15d4-11e9-a581-4ff78404524e|title=Venezuela's opposition vows to help end Maduro's rule|last=Long|first=Gideon|date=13 January 2019|website=[[Financial Times]]|language=en-GB|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=15 January 2019|quote=... the National Assembly is the only democratically elected institution left in the country ...}}</ref> ''[[The Telegraph]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/01/26/spain-germany-france-give-venezuelas-maduro-eight-days-call|title=US demands world stands with 'forces of freedom' in Venezuela|website=The Telegraph|accessdate=31 January 2019}}</ref> the [[BBC]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-47009301|title=Venezuela crisis: Guaido rejects talks with Maduro|website=BBC News|accessdate=31 January 2019}}</ref> ''[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/russia-china-block-us-push-for-u-n-to-back-venezuelas-juan-guaido/articleshow/67703648.cms|title=Russia, China block US push for UN to back Venezuela's Juan Guaidó|website=Economic Times|accessdate=31 January 2019}}</ref> [[CTV Television Network|CTV]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/freeland-says-venezuela-s-maduro-regime-is-now-fully-entrenched-as-a-dictatorship-1.4248589|title=Freeland says Venezuela's Maduro regime is now fully entrenched as a dictatorship|website=CTV|accessdate=31 January 2019}}</ref> ''[[Business Times (China)|Business Times]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.businesstimes.cn/articles/107088/20190129/russia-china-greece-supports-maduro-regime.htm|title=Russia, China, Greece supports Maduro regime|website=Business Times|accessdate=31 January 2019}}</ref> [[Reuters]] agency,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/world/reuters-us-pushes-un-security-council-to-back-venezuelas-guaido.html|title=Reuters: US pushes UN Security Council to back Venezuela's Guaidó|website=Kyiv Post|accessdate=31 January 2019}}</ref> [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/singh-ndp-liberals-venezuela-1.4991913|title=Singh calls on Trudeau to part ways with US, Brazil on Venezuela crisis|website=CBC News|accessdate=31 January 2019}}</ref> etc.}}
=== Seruan untuk membentuk pemerintahan transisi ===
Antara pemilihan presiden Mei 2018 dan pelantikan Maduro, ada seruan untuk mendirikan pemerintahan transisi.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elnuevoherald.com/opinion-es/opin-col-blogs/opinion-sobre-venezuela/article219161250.html|title=¿Dónde está el gobierno de transición en Venezuela?|last=Corao|first=Manuel|date=28 September 2018|website=[[El Nuevo Herald]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elnuevoherald.com/opinion-es/opin-col-blogs/opinion-sobre-venezuela/article222393325.html|title=Primera meta de gobierno de transición en Venezuela: la estabilidad|last=Ortiz|first=Alexis|date=30 November 2018|website=[[El Nuevo Herald]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/es/latin-america-caribbean/andes/venezuela/71-friendly-fire-venezuelas-opposition-turmoil|title=Fuego amigo: el caos de la oposición venezolana|last=|first=|date=23 November 2018|website=[[International Crisis Group]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref>
Sebuah laporan pada November 2018 oleh [[ICG|International Crisis Group]] mengatakan bahwa "negara-negara tetangga dan kekuatan asing lainnya telah mengambil berbagai langkah - termasuk sanksi, untuk mencapai negosiasi transisi, yang merupakan jalan keluar terbaik dari krisis" <ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/es/latin-america-caribbean/andes/venezuela/71-friendly-fire-venezuelas-opposition-turmoil|title=Fuego amigo: el caos de la oposición venezolana|last=|first=|date=23 November 2018|website=[[International Crisis Group]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref>
=== Pembenaran tantangan ===
Koalisi Oposisi Venezuela mendasarkan tindakannya pada Konstitusi Venezuela 1999, khususnya Pasal 233 yang menetapkan bahwa "pemimpin Majelis Nasional akan memegang jabatan presiden jika tidak ada presiden yang sah", yang mereka nyatakan setelah pemilihan presiden Venezuela 2018.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/01/15/maduro-is-usurper-its-time-restore-democracy-venezuela/|title=Maduro is a usurper. It’s time to restore democracy in Venezuela.|last=[[Juan Guaidó|Guaidó]]|first=[[Juan Guaidó|Juan]]|date=15 January 2019|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref>
== Pengakuan ==
[[Berkas:Venezuela_president_recognition_map_2019.svg|pus|jmpl| Bangsa-bangsa mengakui kekuasaan presidensial <br />Hitam: Negara Venezuela
Biru: Mengakui Guaido Biru muda: Mendukung Majelis Nasional
Merah: Mengakui Maduro ]]
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