Istana Dolmabahçe: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox building
| name = Dolmabahçe Palace
| image = Dolmabahçe Palace.JPG
| caption = Dolmabahçe Palace as seen from the Bosphorus
| map_type =Turkey Istanbul
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|41|02|22|N|29|00|06|E|region:TR|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]]
| architect = [[Garabet Balyan]]
| client = Ottoman sultans
| engineer =
| start_date = 1843
| completion_date = 1856
| date_demolished =
| cost =
| structural_system =
| building_type = Palace (1856–1922)
| owner = Turkish state
| style = [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]], Rococo, Neoclassical
| size =
}}
'''Dolmabahçe Palace''' ({{lang-tr|Dolmabahçe Sarayı}}, {{IPA-tr|doɫmabahˈtʃe saɾaˈjɯ|IPA}}) located in the [[Beşiktaş]] district of [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]], on the [[Europe]]an coast of the [[Bosphorus]], served as the main administrative center of the [[Ottoman Empire]] from 1856 to 1887 and 1909 to 1922 ([[Yıldız Palace]] was used in the interim).
== History ==
[[File:Sultan Abdülmecid I.jpg|thumb|left|[[Abdülmecid I]]]]
[[File:Dolmabahce, Istanbul, Turchia.JPG|thumb|right|Facade of the ''Selamlık'']]
Dolmabahçe Palace was ordered by the Empire's 31st Sultan, [[Abdülmecid I]], and built between the years 1843 and 1856. Previously, the Sultan and his family had lived at the [[Topkapı Palace]], but as the medieval Topkapı was lacking in contemporary style, luxury, and comfort, as compared to the palaces of the European monarchs, Abdülmecid decided to build a new modern palace near the site of the former Beşiktaş Sahil Palace, which was demolished. Hacı Said Ağa was responsible for the construction works, while the project was realized by architects [[Garabet Balyan]], his son [[Nigoğayos Balyan]] and Evanis Kalfa (members of the [[Armenians|Armenian]] [[Balyan family]] of Ottoman court architects).
The construction cost five million [[Ottoman lira|Ottoman gold lira]], or 35 [[tonne]]s of [[gold]], the equivalent of ca. $1.5 billion in today's (2013) values.<ref>[http://www.dolmabahcepalace.com/listingview.php?listingID=3&name=Dolmabahce+Palace Dolmabahce Palace]</ref><ref>[http://www.goldgrambars.com/ Goldgrambars.com]</ref> This sum corresponded to approximately a quarter of the yearly tax revenue. Actually, the construction was financed through [[debasement]], by massive issue of paper money, as well as by foreign loans. The huge expenses placed an enormous burden on the state purse and contributed to the deteriorating financial situation of the Ottoman Empire, which eventually [[sovereign default|defaulted]] on its [[Ottoman public debt|public debt]] in [[Great Eastern Crisis#Background|October 1875]], with the subsequent establishment in 1881 of [[Ottoman Public Debt Administration|financial control]] over the "[[sick man of Europe]]" by the European powers.
The palace was home to six Sultans from 1856, when it was first inhabited, up until the abolition of the Caliphate in 1924: The last royal to live here was Caliph [[Abdülmecid II|Abdülmecid Efendi]]. A law that went into effect on March 3, 1924 transferred the ownership of the palace to the national heritage of the new Turkish Republic. [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey, used the palace as a presidential residence during the summers and enacted some of his most important works here. Atatürk spent the last days of his medical treatment in this palace, where he died on November 10, 1938.
Today, the palace is managed by ''Milli Saraylar Daire Başkanlığı'' (Directorate of National Palaces) responsible to the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]].{{clear}}
== Location ==
[[File:Dolmabahce Palacemm.jpg|thumb|right|Close-up view of the palace from the Bosphorus]]
The site of Dolmabahçe was originally a bay on the [[Bosphorus]] which was used for the anchorage of the Ottoman fleet. The area was reclaimed gradually during the 18th century to become an imperial garden, much appreciated by the Ottoman [[sultan]]s; it is from this garden that the name ''Dolmabahçe'' (Filled-in Garden) comes from the Turkish ''dolma'' meaning "filled" and ''bahçe'' meaning "garden." Various small summer palaces and wooden pavilions were built here during the 18th and 19th centuries ultimately forming a palace complex named Beşiktaş Waterfront Palace. The area of 110,000 m² is confined by Bosphorus on the east side, while a steep precipice bounds it on the west side, such that after the building of the new 45,000 m² monoblock Dolmabahçe Palace a relatively limited space has remained for a garden complex which would normally surround such a palace.<ref name=IstanbulNet>[http://www.istanbul.net.tr/istanbul_muzeler_detay.asp?id=103 Dolmabahçe Palace Museum] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717084800/http://www.istanbul.net.tr/istanbul_muzeler_detay.asp?id=103 |date=July 17, 2011 }}</ref><ref name=CultureTourism>[http://www.turizm.gov.tr/EN,113763/dolmabahce-palace.html Turkish Ministry of Tourism site about Dolmabahçe Palace]</ref>{{clear}}
== Design and layout ==
[[File:Dolmabahce Sarayi.jpg|thumb|left|Fountain in the garden]]
[[File:Dolmabahce Palace plan.svg|thumb|Floor plan of the palace]]
Dolmabahçe is the largest palace in Turkey. It has an area of {{Convert|45,000|m2|acres|1|abbr = on}}, and contains 285 rooms, 46 halls, 6 baths (''[[Turkish bath|hamam]]'') and 68 toilets.<ref name=IstanbulNet/><ref name=CultureTourism/>
The design contains [[Eclecticism|eclectic]] elements from the [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]], [[Rococo]] and [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] styles, blended with traditional [[Ottoman architecture]] to create a new synthesis. The palace layout and décor reflect the increasing influence of European styles and standards on [[Culture of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman culture and art]] during the [[Tanzimat]] period. The exterior, in particular the view from the Bosporus, shows a classical European two-wing arrangement which is divided by a big [[avant-corps]] with two side avant-corps.
Functionally, on the other hand, the palace retains elements of traditional Ottoman palace life, and also features of traditional Turkish homes. It is strictly separated structurally in a southern wing (''Mabeyn-i Hümâyûn'', or ''Selamlık'', the quarters reserved for the men) which contains the public representation rooms, and a northern wing (''Harem-i Hümâyûn'', the [[Imperial Harem|Harem]]) serving as the private residential area for the Sultan and his family. The two functional areas are separated by the big Ceremonial Hall (''Muayede Salonu'') with a floor area of {{Convert|2000|m2|ft2|abbr = on}} and a {{Convert|36|m|ft|abbr = on}} high dome. Since the harem had to be completely isolated from the outside world, the main entrance for the visitors is located on the narrow southern side. There, the representation rooms are arranged for receptions of visitors and of foreign diplomats. The harem area includes eight interconnected apartments for the wives of the sultan, for his favourites and concubines, and for his mother, each with its own bathroom.{{clear}}
== Décor and equipment ==
[[File:Ceremonial hall Dolmabahce March 2008 pano4.jpg|thumb|left|Ceremonial Hall, with the chandelier said to have been given by [[Queen Victoria]]]]
[[File:Dolmabahce Baccarat bannister.JPG|thumb|''Crystal Staircase'' with [[Baccarat crystal]] [[Baluster|banisters]] and chandelier]]
[[File:Ambassador Hall Dolmabahce March 2008panoc.jpg|thumb|left|Ambassador's Hall (''Süfera Salonu'') with two bearskin rugs]]
[[File:Istanbul img 5058.jpg|thumb|Sultan's hamam decorated with Egyptian alabaster]]
Whereas the Topkapı has exquisite examples of [[Iznik tiles]] and Ottoman carving, the Dolmabahçe palace is extensively decorated with gold and crystal. Fourteen tonnes of gold were used to gild the ceilings.<ref>[http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&lng=3&id=107341 Dolmabahçe Palace], Emporis</ref> The world's largest [[Bohemian glass|Bohemian crystal]] [[chandelier]] is in the Ceremonial Hall. The chandelier was assumed to be a gift from [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]], however in 2006 the receipt was found showing it was paid for in full. It has 750 lamps and weighs 4.5 tonnes. Dolmabahçe has the largest collection of Bohemian and [[Baccarat (company)|Baccarat crystal]] chandeliers in the world. The famous ''Crystal Staircase'' has the shape of a double [[horseshoe]] and is built of Baccarat crystal, [[brass]] and [[mahogany]].
Expensive stones such as [[Marmara Island|Marmara]] (Proconnesian) marble, Egyptian [[alabaster]] ([[calcite]], also known as onyx-marble), and [[Porphyry (geology)|Porphyry]] from [[Pergamon]] were used for the decoration.
The palace includes a large number of [[Hereke carpet|Hereke palace carpet]]s made by the Hereke Imperial Factory. Also featured are 150-year-old bearskin rugs originally presented to the Sultan as a gift by [[Nicholas I of Russia|Tsar Nicholas I]].
A collection of 202 oil paintings is on display in the palace. A highlight of the collection are 23 paintings by [[Ivan Aivazovsky]] which he created as a court painter during his stays in Istanbul.<ref name=Aivazovksy>[http://euroasianews.com/historical-ottoman-palace-to-reopen-as-a-museum/ Historical Ottoman Palace reopens as museum], EuroAsiaNews.com, March 22, 2014</ref> The collection also includes paintings by [[Gustave Boulanger]], [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], [[Eugène Fromentin]], [[Stanisław Chlebowski]], [[Félix Ziem]], [[Karl Joseph Kuwasseg]], [[Fausto Zonaro]], [[Théo van Rysselberghe]] and Alexander Sandor Svoboda. There are also paintings by Turkish painters such as [[Osman Hamdi Bey]], [[Halil Pasha (painter)|Halil Pasha]] and [[Osman Nuri Pasha (painter)|Osman Nuri Pasha]] in this art museum.
From the very beginning, the palace's equipment implemented the highest technical standards. [[Gas lighting]] and [[water-closet]]s were imported from Great Britain, whereas the palaces in continental Europe were still lacking these features at that time. Later, electricity, a [[central heating system]] and an [[elevator]] were installed.{{clear}}
== Rooms ==
[[File:Dolmabahce Palace ced.jpg|thumb|Blue Hall]]
[[File:Dolmabahce Palacasdfe.jpg|thumb|Pink Hall]]
=== Medhal (Main Entrance) Hall ===
A visit to the Dolmabahce Palace begins at the Medhal Hall. Rooms leading off the Medhal are towards the sea and the land. The rooms facing the sea were used by the leading [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] officials, the [[Grand Vizier]] and the other state ministers, while the rooms facing the land were used by various administrators of the palace and the state, such as the Palace Marshall, [[Sheikh ul-Islam|Şeyhülislam]], and members of the House of Representatives (''Meclis-i Mebusan'') and the Senate (''Meclis-i Ayan'').
Guests would first wait in this hall and then would be led inside at the proper time by a palace protocol officer. On entering the Medhal, one sees Boulle tables on both sides of the room, which bear the [[tughra|monogram]] of Sultan Abdülmecid on top. The royal monogram of the sultan is also on the fireplace. The English chandelier hanging in the middle of this room has sixty arms. The Hereke fabrics used as upholstery for the furniture and as draperies are in the royal shade of red.
=== The secretariat's rooms ===
The second room after the Medhal to the right is the Clerk's Hall, also referred to as the ''Tiled Room.'' The largest painting in the palace collection, a depiction of the Surre Procession by [[Stefano Ussi]], hangs on the left wall of this hall. Surre was used to refer to the caravans which travelled from Istanbul to Mecca during the religious month of Recep, bearing the monetary aid used to support the maintenance and the decoration of the [[Kaaba]] and to provide financial assistance to the local population of [[Hejaz]].
[[File:Ataturk deathbed Dolmabahce March 2008.JPG|thumb|[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Atatürk]]'s deathbed]]
On the wall to the right is a painting signed by [[Rudolf Ernst]] depicting the fire at the Paris Municipal Theater and another painting of a Dutch Village Girl by [[Delandre]]. Decorated with French style furniture, this room also contains very valuable porcelain vases.
=== Atatürk's room ===
[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] spent the last days of his life in the palace as his health deteriorated. He died at 9:05 A.M. on November 10, 1938, in a bedroom located in the former harem area of the palace. All the clocks in the palace were stopped and set to 9:05 after his death. The clocks outside of his room now are set to the [[Eastern European Time|actual time in Turkey]], but the clock in the room in which he died still points to 9:05.{{clear}}
== Gates ==
<gallery widths=200 heights=200 perrow=3>
File:DolmabahceMainGate.JPG|Gate of the Sultan (''Saltanat Kapısı'')
File:Dolmabahce_Tor-2008-31-07.jpg|Gate of the Treasury (''Hazine-i Hassa Kapısı'')
File:Istanbul-1.JPG|Gate to the Bosphorus
</gallery>
== Adjacent buildings ==
[[File:Dolmabahce Sarayi Saat Kulesi.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Dolmabahçe Clock Tower]]]]
[[File:Dolmabahçe Mosque Mars 2013.jpg|thumb|[[Dolmabahçe Mosque]]]]
A number of further residential buildings are located near the palace including the palace of the Crown Prince (''Veliaht Dairesi''), the quarters of the gentlemen-in-waiting (''Musahiban Dairesi''), the dormitories of the servants (''Agavat Dairesi'', ''Bendegan Dairesi'') and of the guards (''Baltacilar Dairesi''), the quarters of the [[Kizlar Agha|Chief Eunuch]] (''Kizlaragasi Dairesi''). Further buildings include imperial kitchens (''Matbah-i Amire''), stables, an aviary (''Kusluk''), a plant nursery (''Fidelik''), a flour mill, a greenhouse (''Sera''), a Hereke carpet workshop (''Hereke dökümhanesi''), a glass manufactory, a foundry, a pharmacy etc.<ref>[http://www.greatistanbul.com/dolmabahce_palace.htm Dolmabahçe Palace], Great Istanbul</ref><ref>[http://archnet.org/sites/3475/media_contents/62102 Dolmabahçe Sarayi], Archnet</ref>
A baroque style [[Dolmabahçe Mosque|mosque]] designed by Garabet Balyan was built near the palace in 1853—1855. It was commissioned by queen mother Bezm-i Âlem Valide Sultan. Since 1948 the building housed the Naval Museum, but the museum was moved to another location in 1960 after the [[1960 Turkish coup d'état|coup d'état of May, 27th]]. In 1967 the mosque was returned for worship.
A [[Dolmabahçe Clock Tower|clock tower]] (''Dolmabahçe Saat Kulesi'') was erected in front of the Imperial Gate (Saltanat Kapisi) on a square along the European waterfront of Bosphorus next to the mosque. The tower was ordered by Sultan [[Abdülhamid II]] and designed by the court architect [[Sarkis Balyan]] between 1890 and 1895. Its clock was manufactured by the French clockmaker house of Jean-Paul Garnier, and installed by the court clock master Johann Mayer.{{clear}}
== Literature ==
[[File:Caliph library Harem Dolmabahce March 2008 pano.jpg|thumb|Sultan's library]]
* {{cite book |title=Dolmabahçe Palace |last1=Yücel |first1=İhsan |author2=Sema Öner |year=1989 |publisher=TBMM National Palaces Trust |location=Istanbul |id=ASIN B000GYA5C8}}
* {{cite book |title=The Dolmabahçe Palace |last=Akat |first=Yücel |year=1988 |publisher=Keskin Color |location=Istanbul |id=ASIN B000GW7QYA}}
* {{cite book |title=Dolmabahçe Palace |last=Yücel |first=İhsan |year=1995 |publisher=TBMM Department of National Palaces |location=Istanbul |isbn=975-7479-42-X}}
* {{cite book |title=Dolmabahçe Palace and its environs |last=Gülersoy |first=Çelik |authorlink=Çelik Gülersoy |year=1990 |page=257 |publisher=İstanbul Kitaplığı |location=Istanbul |isbn=978-975-7687-03-0}}
* {{cite book |title=The Dolmabahçe Palace |last=Keskin |first=Naci |year=1975 |publisher=Keskin Color |location=Istanbul |id=ASIN B000OSH36M}}
* {{cite book |title=Dolmabahçe Palace |last= |first= |year=1998 |publisher=Do-Gu Yayınları |location=Istanbul |id=ASIN B000E1S49O}}
* İskender Pala. ''The Jewel on the Bosphorus; Dolmabahçe Palace''. TBMM Milli Saraylar Yayınları, Istanbul, 2006.
* İhsan Yücel, Sema Öner, F. Yaşar Yılmaz, Cengiz Göncü, Hakan Gülsün. ''Dolmabahçe Palace''. TBMM Milli Saraylar Yayınları, Istanbul, 2005.
* İpek Fitöz. ''European Lights In Dolmabahçe Palace''. TBMM Milli Saraylar Yayınları, Istanbul, 2007.
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111124082508/http://www.dolmabahce.gov.tr/source.cms.docs/dolmabahce.gov.tr.ce/dolmabahce.html Dolmabahçe Palace] official site
* [http://www.millisaraylar.gov.tr/portalmain-en/default.aspx National Palaces in Turkey] official site
{{Imperial palaces in Turkey}}
{{Museums in Istanbul}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dolmabahce Palace}}
[[Category:Ottoman palaces in Istanbul]]
[[Category:Museums in Istanbul]]
[[Category:Garabet Amira Balyan buildings]]
[[Category:Nigoğayos Balyan buildings]]
[[Category:Houses completed in 1856]]
[[Category:Bosphorus]]
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[[Category:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]
[[Category:Baroque Revival architecture in Turkey]]
[[Category:Landmarks in Turkey]]
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[[Category:Dolmabahçe Palace| ]]
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