Sinosentrisme: Perbedaan antara revisi

Kaisar Nguyen [[Minh Mạng]] Vietnam memuluskan etnis minoritas seperti Kamboja, menyatakan warisan Konfusianisme dan dinasti Han Tiongkok untuk Vietnam, dan menggunakan istilah orang Han 漢人 (Hán nhân) untuk merujuk ke Vietnam.<ref name="Owen2005">{{cite book|author=Norman G. Owen|title=The Emergence Of Modern Southeast Asia: A New History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=py5Xh0-pw18C&pg=PA115&dq=minh+mang+han&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cOZSUqPkLcbgyQHVzYD4AQ&ved=0CEcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=minh%20mang%20han&f=false|year=2005|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2890-5|pages=115–}}</ref> Minh Mang menyatakan bahwa "Kita harus berharap bahwa kebiasaan barbar mereka secara tidak sadar akan hilang, dan bahwa mereka setiap hari akan menjadi lebih terinfeksi oleh kebiasaan Han [Sino-Vietnam]."<ref name="Moses2008">{{cite book|author=A. Dirk Moses|title=Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBgoNN4MG-YC&pg=PA209&dq=minh+mang+han&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cOZSUqPkLcbgyQHVzYD4AQ&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=minh%20mang%20han&f=false|archiveurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbSWBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA209&dq=minh+mang+han&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cOZSUqPkLcbgyQHVzYD4AQ&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=minh%20mang%20han&f=false|archivedate=2008|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-84545-452-4|pages=209–}}</ref> Kebijakan-kebijakan ini diarahkan pada suku Khmer dan suku-suku perbukitan.<ref name="PeerenboomPetersen2006">{{cite book|author1=Randall Peerenboom|author2=Carole J. Petersen|author3=Albert H.Y. Chen|title=Human Rights in Asia: A Comparative Legal Study of Twelve Asian Jurisdictions, France and the USA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2j6GNiMMc1oC&pg=PA474&dq=kinh+people+of+capital&hl=en&sa=X&ei=g7xJUs2iMoO48wSzq4GYBg&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=kinh%20people%20of%20capital&f=false|date=27 September 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-23881-1|pages=474–}}</ref> Lord Nguyen, Nguyen Phuc Chu menyebut Vietnam sebagai "orang Han" pada tahun 1712 ketika membedakan antara Vietnam dan Chams.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20040617071243/http://kyotoreview.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/issue/issue4/article_353.html</ref> Lord Nguyen mendirikan đồn điền setelah tahun 1790. Dikatakan "Hán di hữu hạn" 漢夷有限 ("orang Vietnam dan orang barbar harus memiliki batas yang jelas") oleh Kaisar Gia Long (Nguyễn Phúc Ánh) ketika membedakan antara Khmer dan Vietnam. Minh Mang menerapkan kebijakan integrasi akulturasi yang diarahkan pada minoritas masyarakat non-Vietnam. Thanh nhân 清人 atau Đường nhân 唐人 digunakan untuk merujuk ke etnis Tionghoa oleh Vietnam sementara Vietnam menyebut diri mereka sebagai Hán dân 漢民 dan Hán nhân 漢人 di Vietnam selama tahun 1800-an di bawah kekuasaan Nguyễn.<ref name="Wook2004 4">{{cite book|author=Choi Byung Wook|title=Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mạng (1820-1841): Central Policies and Local Response|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foZAdRgB-nwC&pg=PA137#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2004|publisher=SEAP Publications|isbn=978-0-87727-138-3|pages=137–}}</ref> Pakaian gaya Tionghoa dipaksakan pada orang Vietnam oleh Nguyễn.<ref name="Woodside1971 3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LgSI9UQNpwC&pg=PA134&dq=vietnamese+skirt+trousers+tunics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiV2LO26brNAhWPZiYKHcUuDwYQ6AEIQDAC#v=onepage&q=vietnamese%20skirt%20trousers%20tunics&f=false|title=Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century|last=Alexander Woodside|publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center|year=1971|isbn=978-0-674-93721-5|pages=134–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bmbP5Pg5jAC&pg=PA34&dq=vietnamese+skirt+trousers+tunics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiV2LO26brNAhWPZiYKHcUuDwYQ6AEIOzAB#v=onepage&q=vietnamese%20skirt%20trousers%20tunics&f=false|title=Globalization: A View by Vietnamese Consumers Through Wedding Windows|publisher=ProQuest|year=2008|isbn=978-0-549-68091-8|pages=34–}}</ref><ref>http://angelasancartier.net/ao-dai-vietnams-national-dress</ref><ref>http://beyondvictoriana.com/2010/03/14/beyond-victoriana-18-transcultural-tradition-of-the-vietnamese-ao-dai/</ref><ref>http://fashion-history.lovetoknow.com/clothing-types-styles/ao-dai</ref><ref>http://www.tor.com/2010/10/20/ao-dai-and-i-steampunk-essay/</ref> Celana telah diambil oleh Putih h'mong.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AI_AQAAIAAJ&q=vietnamese+skirt+trousers+tunics&dq=vietnamese+skirt+trousers+tunics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiV2LO26brNAhWPZiYKHcUuDwYQ6AEIRjAD|title=Vietnam|publisher=Michelin Travel Publications|year=2002|page=200}}</ref> Celana panjang menggantikan rok tradisional para wanita dari Putih Hmong.<ref name="LeeTapp2010">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZEFgIhfdJEC&pg=PA138&dq=vietnamese+skirt+trousers+tunics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiV2LO26brNAhWPZiYKHcUuDwYQ6AEIZjAJ#v=onepage&q=vietnamese%20skirt%20trousers%20tunics&f=false|title=Culture and Customs of the Hmong|last=Gary Yia Lee|last2=Nicholas Tapp|date=16 September 2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-34527-2|pages=138–}}</ref> Pakaian tunik dan celana panjang dari Han Tiongkok pada tradisi Ming dikenakan oleh orang Vietnam. Ao Dai diciptakan ketika lipatan yang pas dan ringkas ditambahkan pada tahun 1920 ke gaya Tionghoa ini.<ref name="Reid2015">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cETJBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA285&dq=vietnamese+skirt+trousers+tunics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjfv5iR7LrNAhUFOCYKHdmCBZw4FBDoAQhTMAY#v=onepage&q=vietnamese%20skirt%20trousers%20tunics&f=false|title=A History of Southeast Asia: Critical Crossroads|last=Anthony Reid|date=2 June 2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-631-17961-0|pages=285–}}</ref> Celana dan tunik pola Tionghoa pada tahun 1774 diperintahkan oleh Nguyễn Phúc Khoát untuk mengganti pakaian Vietnam jenis sarung.<ref name="Reid1990">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lqyJViWXkVsC&pg=PA90&dq=vietnamese+skirt+trousers+tunics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjfv5iR7LrNAhUFOCYKHdmCBZw4FBDoAQhZMAc#v=onepage&q=vietnamese%20skirt%20trousers%20tunics&f=false|title=Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680: The Lands Below the Winds|last=Anthony Reid|date=9 May 1990|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-04750-9|pages=90–}}</ref> Pakaian Tionghoa dalam bentuk celana panjang dan tunik diamanatkan oleh pemerintah Vietnam Nguyen. Itu sampai tahun 1920 di daerah utara Vietnam di dusun yang terisolasi memakai rok yang dipakai.<ref name="Rambo2005">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ippuAAAAMAAJ&q=In+their+place,+the+court+demanded+the+use+of+tunic+and+trousers+copied+from+the+then+current+fashion+in+the+Chinese+court.+...+the+wearing+of+skirts+their+use+continued+in+remote+villages+in+the+Northern+part+of+Vietnam+until+the+1920s.1+In+the+less+...&dq=In+their+place,+the+court+demanded+the+use+of+tunic+and+trousers+copied+from+the+then+current+fashion+in+the+Chinese+court.+...+the+wearing+of+skirts+their+use+continued+in+remote+villages+in+the+Northern+part+of+Vietnam+until+the+1920s.1+In+the+less+...&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjDt9uK7LrNAhWIQyYKHdNIDj0Q6AEIHjAA|title=Searching for Vietnam: Selected Writings on Vietnamese Culture and Society|last=A. Terry Rambo|publisher=Kyoto University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-1-920901-05-9|page=64}}</ref> Dinasti Ming Tiongkok, dinasti Tang, dan dinasti Han diperintahkan untuk diadopsi oleh militer dan birokrat Vietnam oleh Lord Nguyễn, Nguyễn Phúc Khoát (Nguyen Tong).<ref name="WernerWhitmore2012">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHD4Asj0FagC&pg=PA295&dq=vietnamese+skirt+trousers+tunics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiV2LO26brNAhWPZiYKHcUuDwYQ6AEINjAA#v=onepage&q=vietnamese%20skirt%20trousers%20tunics&f=false|title=Sources of Vietnamese Tradition|last=Jayne Werner|last2=John K. Whitmore|last3=George Dutton|date=21 August 2012|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-51110-0|pages=295–}}</ref>

 

 

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