Sosialisme: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Sosialisme''' atau '''sosialis''' adalah sistem sosial dan ekonomi yang ditandai dengan kepemilikan sosial dari alat-alat produksi dan manajemen koperasi ekonomi,<ref>{{cite book|author1= Bertrand Badie|author2= Dirk Berg-Schlosser|author3= Leonardo Morlino|title= International Encyclopedia of Political Science|publisher= SAGE Publications, Inc|year= 2011|isbn= 978-1412959636|page = 2456|quote=Socialist systems are those regimes based on the economic and political theory of socialism, which advocates public ownership and cooperative management of the means of production and allocation of resources.}}</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/551569/socialism ''socialism''] Britannica ACADEMIC EDITION. Retrieved 19 January 2012.</ref> serta teori politik dan gerakan yang mengarah pada pembentukan sistem tersebut.<ref>"2. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) any of various social or political theories or movements in which the common welfare is to be achieved through the establishment of a socialist economic system" [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/socialism "Socialism" at The Free dictionary]</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">"The origins of socialism as a political movement lie in the Industrial Revolution." [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/551569/socialism "Socialism" in [[Encyclopedia Britannica]] Online]</ref> "Kepemilikan sosial" bisa merujuk ke koperasi, kepemilikan umum, kepemilikan negara, kepemilikan warga ekuitas, atau kombinasi dari semuanya.<ref>{{cite book|last= O'Hara|first= Phillip|title= Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2|publisher= [[Routledge]]|date=September 2003|isbn= 0-415-24187-1|page = 71|quote=In order of increasing decentralisation (at least) three forms of socialized ownership can be distinguished: state-owned firms, employee-owned (or socially) owned firms, and citizen ownership of equity.}}</ref> Ada banyak jenis sosialisme dan tidak ada definisi tunggal secara enskapitulasi dari mereka semua.<ref>Peter Lamb, J. C. Docherty. ''Historical dictionary of socialism''. Lanham, Maryland, UK; Oxford, England, UK: Scarecrow Press, Inc, 2006. p. 1.</ref> Mereka berbeda dalam jenis kepemilikan sosial yang mereka ajukan, sejauh mana mereka bergantung pada pasar atau perencanaan, bagaimana manajemen harus diselenggarakan dalam lembaga-lembaga yang produktif, dan peran negara dalam membangun sosialisme.<ref>Nove, Alec. ''Socialism''. New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Second Edition (2008): http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000173</ref>

 

 

Gerakan politik sosialis mencakup beragam filsafat politik. Dikotomi inti dalam gerakan sosialis termasuk perbedaan antara reformisme dan sosialisme revolusioner dan antara sosialisme negara dan sosialisme libertarian. Sosialisme negara menyerukan nasionalisasi alat-alat produksi sebagai strategi untuk menerapkan sosialisme, sementara sosialis libertarian umumnya menempatkan harapan mereka pada cara desentralisasi demokrasi langsung seperti libertarian municipalisme, 'majelis, serikat buruh, dan dewan pekerja<ref>{{cite book|last=Rocker|first=Rudolf|title=Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice|page=65|year=2004|publisher=[[AK Press]]|isbn=978-1-902593-92-0 }}</ref> datang dari sikap anti-otoriter umum.<ref>"Authority is defined in terms of the right to exercise social control (as explored in the "sociology of power") and the correlative duty to obey (as explred in the "philosophy of practical reason"). Anarchism is distinguished, philosophically, by its scepticism towards such moral relations – by its questioning of the claims made for such normative power – and, practically, by its challenge to those "authoritative" powers which cannot justify their claims and which are therefore deemed illegitimate or without moral foundation."[http://books.google.com.ec/books?id=kkj5i3CeGbQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism'' by Paul McLaughlin. AshGate. 2007. pg. 1]</ref><ref name="iaf-ifa.org">"The [[International of Anarchist Federations|IAF - IFA]] fights for : the abolition of all forms of authority whether economical, political, social, religious, cultural or sexual."[http://www.iaf-ifa.org/principles/english.html "Principles of The [[International of Anarchist Federations]]"]</ref><ref>"Anarchism, then, really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property; liberation from the shackles and restraint of government. Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations." [[Emma Goldman]]. "What it Really Stands for Anarchy" in ''[[Anarchism and Other Essays]]''.</ref><ref>Individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker defined anarchism as opposition to authority as follows "They found that they must turn either to the right or to the left, — follow either the path of Authority or the path of Liberty. Marx went one way; Warren and Proudhon the other. Thus were born State Socialism and Anarchism...Authority, takes many shapes, but, broadly speaking, her enemies divide themselves into three classes: first, those who abhor her both as a means and as an end of progress, opposing her openly, avowedly, sincerely, consistently, universally; second, those who profess to believe in her as a means of progress, but who accept her only so far as they think she will subserve their own selfish interests, denying her and her blessings to the rest of the world; third, those who distrust her as a means of progress, believing in her only as an end to be obtained by first trampling upon, violating, and outraging her. These three phases of opposition to Liberty are met in almost every sphere of thought and human activity. Good representatives of the first are seen in the Catholic Church and the Russian autocracy; of the second, in the Protestant Church and the Manchester school of politics and political economy; of the third, in the atheism of Gambetta and the socialism of Karl Marx." [[Benjamin Tucker]]. [http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Benjamin_Tucker__Individual_Liberty.html ''Individual Liberty.'']</ref><ref name="Ward 1966">{{cite web |url=http://www.panarchy.org/ward/organization.1966.html|last=Ward|first=Colin|year=1966|title=Anarchism as a Theory of Organization|accessdate=1 March 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100325081119/http://www.panarchy.org/ward/organization.1966.html| archivedate= 25 March 2010<!--Added by DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref>Anarchist historian [[George Woodcock]] report of [[Mikhail Bakunin]]'s anti-authoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and non-state forms of authority as follows: "All anarchists deny authority; many of them fight against it." (pg. 9)...Bakunin did not convert the League's central committee to his full program, but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Berne Congress of September 1868, demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State."</ref><ref name="Brown 2002 106">{{cite book|last=Brown|first=L. Susan|chapter=Anarchism as a Political Philosophy of Existential Individualism: Implications for Feminism|title=The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism and Anarchism|publisher=Black Rose Books Ltd. Publishing|year= 2002|page=106}}</ref> Sosialisme demokratis menyoroti peran sentral proses demokrasi dan sistem politik dan biasanya kontras dengan gerakan politik non-demokratis yang mendukung sosialisme.<ref>Often, this definition is invoked to distinguish democratic socialism from authoritarian socialism as in Malcolm Hamilton ''Democratic Socialism in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and [[Sweden]]'' (St Martin's Press 1989),in Donald F. Busky, Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey Greenwood Publishing, 2000, See pp.7-8., Jim Tomlinson's ''Democratic Socialism and Economic Policy: The Attlee Years, 1945-1951'', Norman Thomas ''Democratic Socialism: a new appraisal'' or [[Roy Hattersley]]'s ''Choose Freedom: The Future of Democratic Socialism''</ref> Beberapa sosialis telah mengadopsi penyebab gerakan sosial lainnya, seperti lingkungan, feminisme dan liberalisme.<ref>Garrett Ward Sheldon. Encyclopedia of Political Thought. Fact on File. Inc. 2001. pg. 280</ref>

== Sosialisme sebagai ideologi ==

 

 

== Ekonomi ==