Alfabet fonetik NATO: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Berkas:FAA Phonetic and Morse Chart2.svg|jmpl|350px|ka|Alfabet radiotelefoni FAA dan tabel [[kode Morse]]]]{{listen|filename=NATO_Phonetic_Alphabet_reading.ogg|title=ICAO phonetic alphabet|description=rekaman suara: alfabet fonetik ICAO}}
'''International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet''', biasa disebut '''alfabet fonetik [[ICAO]]''', dan kadang juga ditulis '''alfabet fonetik dan kode angka ITU''' dan '''alfabet fonetik [[NATO]]''', adalah [[alfabet eja]] radiotelepon yang paling banyak digunakan. Meski sering disebut "alfabet fonetik", alfabet eja tidak sama dengan sistem [[transkripsi fonetik]] seperti [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]. Alfabet [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO) adalah kode [[akrofoni]] yang disesuaikan dengan huruf-huruf [[alfabet Inggris]], jadi huruf dan angkanya harus bisa diucapkan dan dipahami oleh orang-orang yang bertukar pesan suara lewat radio atau telepon tanpa memandang bahasa ibu atau kualitas saluran komunikasinya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icao.int/Pages/AlphabetRadiotelephony.aspx |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-04-27 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320140711/http://www.icao.int/Pages/AlphabetRadiotelephony.aspx |archivedate=20 March 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
Berikut adalah 26 kode dalam alfabet fonetik internasional yang disesuaikan dengan 26 huruf alfabet Inggris dalam [[urutan abjad]]: Alfa<!--Apparent misspelling only. The most common spelling is Alfa, not Alpha. Chosen by ICAO to facilitate English pronunciation for Spanish speakers because they would take ph as simply a p with a silent h.-->, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, Juliett<!--Apparent misspelling only. The most common spelling is Juliett, not Juliet. Chosen by ICAO to facilitate English pronunciation for French speakers because they might take a single final t as silent.-->, Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu.
== Adopsi internasional ==
Setelah alfabet fonetik dikembangkan oleh International Civil Aviation Organization ([[ICAO]])<ref>[http://owenspencer-thomas.com/journalism/media-tips/spelling-out-words Spelling out words] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717091146/http://www.owenspencer-thomas.com/journalism/media-tips/spelling-out-words |date=17 July 2015 }} Accessed 20 July 2015</ref> (lihat [[#Sejarah|sejarah]] di bawah), alfabet ini diadopsi oleh berbagai organisasi internasional dan nasional, termasuk [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU), [[International Maritime Organization]] (IMO), [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA), [[International Amateur Radio Union]] (IARU), [[American Radio Relay League]] (ARRL), [[Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials-International]] (APCO); dan berbagai organisasi militer seperti [[Pakta Pertahanan Atlantik Utara]] (NATO) dan [[Pakta Pertahanan Asia Tenggara]] (SEATO; sudah bubar).
Kode alfabet yang sama digunakan oleh semua lembaga, tetapi setiap lembaga memilih satu atau dua set kode angka yang berbeda. NATO memakai kata bilangan biasa dalam bahasa Inggris (Zero, One, dan beberapa pengucapan alternatif), sedangkan IMO memakai kata bilangan majemuk (Nadazero, Unaone, Bissotwo...). Kenyataannya, kata bilangan majemuk jarang sekali dipakai karena membingungkan penutur bahasa yang berbeda.
== Penggunaan ==
Alfabet eja dipakai untuk mengeja bagian pesan yang mengandung huruf dan angka agar menghindari kebingungan karena banyak huruf yang terdengar sama, misalnya "n" dan "m" atau "f" dan "s"; potensi kebingungan meningkat apabila suara kabur atau tidak jelas. Contohnya, pesan "proceed to map grid DH98" bisa terdengar "proceed to map grid Delta-Hotel-Niner-Ait". Mengucapkan "Delta" alih-alih "D" menghindari kebingungan antara "DH98" dan "BH98" atau "TH98". Pengucapan beberapa angka yang tidak lazim memang sengaja dirancang untuk mencegah kebingungan.
Selain militer, industri sipil menggunakan alfabet ini untuk menghindari permasalahan serupa dalam pertukaran pesan lewat sistem telepon. Contohnya, alfabet ini sering digunakan di industri ritel yang informasi pelanggan atau situsnya disampaikan lewat telepon (membuktikan transaksi kredit atau mengonfirmasi kode stok), tetapi kode buatan sendiri pun sering dipakai juga. Alfabet ini sering digunakan oleh pekerja teknologi informasi untuk menyampaikan kode seri/referensi (biasanya sangat panjang) atau informasi khusus lainnya lewat suara. Sebagian besar maskapai penerbangan dunia menggunakan alfabet ini untuk mengeja [[Passenger Name Record]] (PNR) secara
Sejumlah kode huruf dan singkatan yang memakai alfabet eja ini menjadi populer, misalnya [[Bravo Zulu]] (kode huruf BZ) yang berarti "kerja bagus",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/questions/bzulu.html|title=Where does the term "Bravo Zulu" originate?|date=6 March 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050306051400/http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/questions/bzulu.html|archivedate=6 March 2005|accessdate=22 August 2010}}</ref> [[Checkpoint Charlie]] (Checkpoint C) di Berlin, dan [[Zulu Time]] untuk [[Greenwich Mean Time]] atau [[Coordinated Universal Time]]. Pada masa [[Perang Vietnam]], pemerintah A.S. menyebut kelompok gerilya [[Viet Cong]] dengan singkatan VC, atau Victor Charlie; nama "Charlie" pun sinonim dengan Viet Cong.
== Pengucapan kode ==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="7" |'''Versi pengucapan yang berlawanan'''
|-
! Konvensi IPA ICAO 2008<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.icao.int/Meetings/anconf12/Document%20Archive/AN10_V2_cons%5B1%5D.pdf|title=Annex 10 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation: Aeronauticatl Telecommunications; Volume II Communication Procedures including those with PANS status|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-01}}</ref>
! Ejaan ulang ICAO 2008<ref name=":3" />
! Ejaan ulang ITU-R 2007 (WRC-07)<ref name="ITU" />
!Ejaan ulang IMO{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}
! Ejaan ulang FAA<ref name="FAA-ATC" /><ref name="FAA-AIM" />
! SIA<ref name="SIO">Service de l'Information Aéronautique, [https://www.sia.aviation-civile.gouv.fr/dossier/texteregle/RADIOTEL_V2.pdf ''Radiotéléphonie''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102163739/https://www.sia.aviation-civile.gouv.fr/dossier/texteregle/RADIOTEL_V2.pdf|date=2 November 2014}}, 2nd edition, 2006</ref><br>(France aeronautical)
! Ejaan ulang NATO & AD A.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.com/info/alphabet|title=Military phonetic alphabet by US Army|date=2014-03-14|publisher=Army.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802155839/http://army.com/info/alphabet|archivedate=2 August 2014|deadurl=no|accessdate=2014-08-11|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" | [[A]]
Baris 25 ⟶ 36:
|<u>AL</u> FAH
|<u>AL</u> FAH
|'''AL'''FAH atau <br>AL-FAH
| <u>al</u> fah
|AL fah
|-
Baris 35 ⟶ 46:
|<u>BRAH</u> VOH
|<u>BRAH</u> VOH<br><small>(1955: <u>BRAH</u> <u>VOH</u>)</small>
|'''BRAH'''VOH atau <br>BRAH-VO
| <u>bra</u> <u>vo</u>
|BRAH voh
|-
Baris 45 ⟶ 56:
|<u>CHAR</u> LEE atau <u>SHAR</u> LEE
|<u>CHAR</u> LEE
|'''CHAR'''LEE atau <br>CHAR-LEE
| <u>tchah</u> li, <br><u>char</u> li
|CHAR lee
|-
Baris 55 ⟶ 66:
|<u>DELL</u> TAH
|<u>DELL</u> TAH
|'''DELL'''TAH atau <br>DELL-TAH
| <u>del</u> tah
|DEL tah
|-
Baris 340 ⟶ 351:
|-
![[6 (number)|6]]
|Six
|
|SIX
|SOK-SEE-SIX
|SOXISIX
|Six
|<u>siks</u>
Baris 346 ⟶ 361:
|-
![[7 (number)|7]]
|Seven
|
|SEV-en
|SAY-TAY-SEVEN
|SETTESEVEN
|Seven
|<u>sèv</u> n
Baris 351 ⟶ 371:
|-
![[8 (number)|8]]
|Eight
|
|AIT
|OK-TOH-AIT
|OKTOEIGHT
|Eight
|<u>eït</u>
Baris 356 ⟶ 381:
|-
![[9 (number)|9]]
|Nine
|
|NIN-er
|NO-VAY-NINER
|NOVENINE
|Niner
|<u>naï</u> neu
Baris 361 ⟶ 391:
|-
![[decimal point|.]] (decimal point)
|Decimal point
|
|DAY-SEE-MAL
|
|
|POINT
|<u>dè</u> <u>si</u> <u>mal</u>
Baris 366 ⟶ 401:
|-
![[hundred|100]]
|Hundred
|
|HUN-dred
|
|
|
|<u>hun</u>-dred
Baris 371 ⟶ 411:
|-
![[thousand|1000]]
|Thousand
|
|TOU-SAND
|
|
|
|<u>taou</u> <u>zend</u>
Baris 376 ⟶ 421:
|-
! align="center" | - (hyphen)
|'''Dash'''
|
|
|
|imo
|faa
|
Baris 431 ⟶ 481:
!Kode ICAO 1949<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|url=http://www.governmentattic.org/4docs/ICAO-WordSpellingAlphabet_1959.pdf|title=The Evolution and Rationale of the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) Word-Spelling Alphabet, July 1959|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=November 1, 2017}}</ref>
!Kode ICAO 1951<ref name=":4" />
!Kode final ICAO 1956<ref name=":3" />
!Kode Administrative Radio Conference 1959 (Jenewa)<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://search.itu.int/history/HistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary/4.85.43.en.100.pdf|title=Radio Regulations and Additional Radio Regulations (Geneva, 1959)|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
!Ejaan ulang 1959<ref name=":7" />
Baris 1.267 ⟶ 1.317:
{| class="wikitable"
!Huruf
!General Radiocommunication and Additional Regulations (CCIR/ICAN) 1932<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":0" />
!ICAO Second Session of the Communications Division 1946 (sama seperti [[Allied Military Phonetic Spelling Alphabet|Joint Army/Navy]])<ref name=":32" />
!ICAO 1947 (sama seperti 1943 US-UK)
<ref name=":9" />
<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" />
!Alfabet ICAO 1947 (diadopsi dari ARRL)<ref name=":2" />
!ICAO Amerika Latin/Karibia 1947<ref name=":32" />
!Proposal IATA ke ICAO 1947<ref name=":32" />
!Kode ICAO 1949<ref name=":32" />
!Kode ICAO 1951<ref name=":4" />
!Kode ICAO 1956–sekarang<ref name=":3" />
|-
|A
|Amsterdam
|Able
|ABLE
|ADAM
|ANA
|ALPHA
|Alfa
|Alfa
|Alfa
|-
|B
|Baltimore
|Baker
|BAKER
|BAKER
|BRAZIL
|BETA
|Beta
|Bravo
|Bravo
|-
|C
|Casablanca
|Charlie
|CHARLIE
|CHARLIE
|COCO
|CHARLIE
|Coca
|Coca
|Charlie
|-
|D
|Danemark
|Dog
|DOG
|DAVID
|DADO
|DELTA
|Delta
|Delta
|Delta
|-
|E
|Edison
|Easy
|EASY
|EDWARD
|ELSA
|EDWARD
|Echo
|Echo
|Echo
|-
|F
|Florida
|Fox
|FOX
|FREDDIE
|FIESTA
|FOX
|Foxtrot
|Foxtrot
|Foxtrot
|-
|G
|Gallipoli
|George
|GEORGE
|GEORGE
|GATO
|GRAMMA
|Golf
|Gold
|Golf
|-
|H
|Havana
|How
|HOW
|HARRY
|HOMBRE
|HAVANA
|Hotel
|Hotel
|Hotel
|-
|I
|Italia
|Item
|ITEM
|IDA
|INDIA
|ITALY
|India
|India
|India
|-
|J
|Jérusalem
|Jig
|JIG
|JOHN
|JULIO
|JUPITER
|Julietta
|Juliett
|Juliett
|-
|K
|Kilogramme
|King
|KING
|KING
|KILO
|KILO
|Kilo
|Kilo
|Kilo
|-
|L
|Liverpool
|Love
|LOVE
|LEWIS
|LUIS
|LITER
|Lima
|Lima
|Lima
|-
|M
|Madagascar
|Mike
|MIKE
|MARY
|MAMA
|MAESTRO
|Metro
|Metro
|Mike
|-
|N
|New York
|Nan (later Nickel)
|NAN
|NANCY
|NORMA
|NORMA
|Nectar
|Nectar
|November
|-
|O
|Oslo
|Oboe
|OBOE
|OTTO
|OPERA
|OPERA
|Oscar
|Oscar
|Oscar
|-
|P
Baris 1.707 ⟶ 1.760:
|}
=== Komunikasi laut internasional ===
ITU-R Radiotelephony Alphabet digunakan oleh [[International Maritime Organization]] untuk komunikasi laut internasional.<!--
See also [http://www.skiba.com.au/data/resources/av_art/alpha.pdf International Phonetic Alphabet], [http://blog.privatefly.com/history-of-the-nato-phonetic-alphabet HISTORY OF THE NATO PHONETIC ALPHABET] and [http://aviationknowledge.wikidot.com/aviation:nato-phonetic-alphabet What is the phonetic alphabet?] -->
{| class="wikitable"
!Letter
!Kode IMO 1932–1965{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}
!Kode IMO 1965–sekarang (WRC-03)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.segeln.co.at/media/pdf/smcp.pdf|title=IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP)|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-01}}</ref>
!1967 WARC code words<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://search.itu.int/history/HistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary/4.94.43.en.100.pdf|title=Final Acts of the World Administrative Radio Conference to Deal with Matters Relating to the Maritime Mobile Service.|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
!Ejaan ulang WARC 1967<ref name=":8" />
!Ejaan ulang ITU-R 2007–sekarang<ref name="ITU" />
|-
|A
|Amsterdam
|Alfa
|Alfa
|<u>AL</u> FAH
|<u>AL</u> FAH
|-
|B
|Baltimore
|Bravo
|Bravo
|<u>BRAH</u> VOH
|<u>BRAH</u> VOH
|-
|C
|Casablanca
|Charlie
|Charlie
|<u>CHAR</u> LEE atau <u>SHAR</u> LEE
|<u>CHAR</u> LEE atau <u>SHAR</u> LEE
|-
|D
|Danemark
|Delta
|Delta
|<u>DELL</u> TAH
|<u>DELL</u> TAH
|-
|E
|Edison
|Echo
|Echo
|<u>ECK</u> OH
|<u>ECK</u> OH
|-
|F
|Florida
|Foxtrot
|Foxtrot
|<u>FOKS</u> TROT
|<u>FOKS</u> TROT
|-
|G
|Gallipoli
|Golf
|Golf
|GOLF
|GOLF
|-
|H
|Havana
|Hotel
|Hotel
|HOH <u>TELL</u>
|HOH <u>TELL</u>
|-
|I
|Italia
|India
|India
|<u>IN</u> DEE AH
|<u>IN</u> DEE AH
|-
|J
|Jérusalem
|Juliett
|Juliett
|<u>JEW</u> LEE <u>ETT</u>
|<u>JEW</u> LEE <u>ETT</u>
|-
|K
|Kilogramme
|Kilo
|Kilo
|<u>KEY</u> LOH
|<u>KEY</u> LOH
|-
|L
|Liverpool
|Lima
|Lima
|<u>LEE</u> MAH
|<u>LEE</u> MAH
|-
|M
|Madagascar
|Mike
|Mike
|MIKE
|MIKE
|-
|N
|New-York
|November
|November
|NO <u>VEM</u> BER
|NO <u>VEM</u> BER
|-
|O
|Oslo
|Oscar
|Oscar
|<u>OSS</u> CAH
|<u>OSS</u> CAH
|-
|P
|Paris
|Papa
|Papa
|PAH <u>PAH</u>
|PAH <u>PAH</u>
|-
|Q
|Québec
|Quebec
|Quebec
|KEH <u>BECK</u>
|KEH <u>BECK</u>
|-
|R
|Roma
|Romeo
|Romeo
|<u>ROW</u> ME OH
|<u>ROW</u> ME OH
|-
|S
|Santiago
|Sierra
|Sierra
|SEE <u>AIR</u> RAH
|SEE <u>AIR</u> RAH
|-
|T
|Tripoli
|Tango
|Tango
|<u>TANG</u> GO
|<u>TANG</u> GO
|-
|U
|Upsala
|Uniform
|Uniform
|{{nowrap|<u>YOU</u> NEE FORM</u>}} ''or'' <br> <u>OO</u> NEE FORM
|{{nowrap|<u>YOU</u> NEE FORM</u>}} atau <br> <u>OO</u> NEE FORM
|-
|V
|Valencia
|Victor
|Victor
|<u>VIK</u> TAH
|<u>VIK</u> TAH
|-
|W
|Washington
|Whisky
|Whisky
|<u>WISS</u> KEY
|<u>WISS</u> KEY
|-
|X
|Xanthippe
|X-ray
|X-ray
|<u>ECKS</u> <u>RAY</u>
|<u>ECKS</u> <u>RAY</u>
|-
|Y
|Yokohama
|Yankee
|Yankee
|<u>YANG</u> KEY
|<u>YANG</u> KEY
|-
|Z
|Zurich
|Zulu
|Zulu
|<u>ZOO</u> LOO
|<u>ZOO</u> LOO
|-
|0
|Zero
|<u>ZEE</u>RO
|NADAZERO
|NAH-DAH-ZAY-ROH
|NAH-DAH-ZAY-ROH
|-
|1
|One
|<u>WUN</u>
|UNAONE
|OO-NAH-WUN
|OO-NAH-WUN
|-
|2
|Two
|<u>TOO</u>
|BISSOTWO
|BEES-SOH-TOO
|BEES-SOH-TOO
|-
|3
|Three
|<u>'''TREE'''</u>
|TERRATHREE
|TAY-RAH-TREE
|TAY-RAH-TREE
|-
|4
|Four
|'''<u>FOW</u>ER'''
|KARTEFOUR
|KAR-TAY-FOWER
|KAR-TAY-FOWER
|-
|5
|Five
|<u>FIFE</u>
|PANTAFIVE
|PAN-TAH-FIVE
|PAN-TAH-FIVE
|-
|6
|Six
|SIX
|SOXISIX
|SOK-SEE-SIX
|SOK-SEE-SIX
|-
|7
|Seven
|<u>SE</u>VEN
|SETTESEVEN
|SAY-TAY-SEVEN
|SAY-TAY-SEVEN
|-
|8
|Eight
|AIT
|OKTOEIGHT
|OK-TOH-AIT
|OK-TOH-AIT
|-
|9
|Nine
|'''<u>NI</u>NER'''
|NOVENINE
|NO-VAY-NINER
|NO-VAY-NINER
|-
|.
|
|
|DECIMAL
|DAY-SEE-MAL
|DAY-SEE-MAL
|-
|.
|
|
|STOP
|STOP
|STOP
|-
|1000
|
|<u>'''TOU'''</u>'''SAND'''
|
|
|
|}
== Varian ==
=== Penerbangan ===
* "Delta" diganti dengan "Data", "Dixie", atau "David" di bandara yang sering dikunjungi maskapai [[Delta Air Lines]] seperti [[Bandar Udara Internasional Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta]] agar tidak membingungkan karena "Delta" juga merupakan kode panggil Delta.<ref>Civil Aviation Authority, [http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP704.pdf "Aircraft Call Sign Confusion Evaluation Safety Study"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041224034105/http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP704.pdf |date=24 December 2004 }}, April 2000</ref>
== Lihat pula ==
* [[International Code of Signals]]
* [[Alfabet eja]]
* [[Allied Military Phonetic Spelling Alphabet]]
* [[Alfabet eja telefoni APCO]]
* Alfabet eja spesifik
** [[Alfabet radio angkatan bersenjata Finlandia|Alfabet eja Finlandia]]
** [[Alfabet eja Yunani]]
** [[Alfabet eja Jerman]]
** [[Alfabet eja Rusia]]
* [[Prosedur suara]]
** [[Kata prosedur]]
** [[Kode ringkas]]
*** [[Ten-code]]
* [[Kode Q]]
* [[Daftar zona waktu militer]]
* [[Daftar kata PGP]]
== Catatan ==
{{reflist|group="Note"}}
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{Wiktionary|ICAO spelling alphabet}}
* [http://www.icao.int/ Public ICAO site]
* {{Web cite|url=http://nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_136216.htm/|title=NATO Declassified - The NATO Phonetic Alphabet|publisher=North Atlantic Treaty Organization}}
* [http://militarytimechart.com/military-phonetic-alphabet/ The Military Alphabet (Phonetic from Alpha Bravo Charlie Delta to Zulu)]
[[Kategori:Radio amatir]]
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