Ryakuji: Perbedaan antara revisi

{{Table Hanzi}}

{{Japanese writing}}

 

== Use ==

 

In all case discussed in this article, individual characters are simplified, but separate characters are not merged. There are rare cases of single-character abbreviations for multiple-character words or phrases, such as {{nihongo2|[[wikt:圕|圕]]}} for {{nihongo2|[[wikt:圖書館|圖書館]], [[wikt:図書館|図書館]]}} ''toshokan,'' "library", but this is very unusual; see [[polysyllabic Chinese character]]s for this phenomenon in Chinese, where it is more common.

 

== Examples ==

 

=== Notes ===

Of these, several are commonly seen in signs: {{nihongo2|2門 12品 12器}} are very commonly seen, particularly simplifying {{nihongo2|間}} in store signs, while {{nihongo2|1第}} and {{nihongo2|5曜}} are also relatively common, as is {{nihongo2|𩵋}} for {{nihongo2|魚}} (as in {{nihongo2|3点}}). Other characters are less commonly seen in public, instead being primarily found in private writing.

 

 

== Further examples ==

Omitting components is a general principle, and the resulting character is often not a standard character, as in {{nihongo2|傘→仐}}.

 

 

In some cases, a component has been simplified when part of other characters, but has not been simplified in isolation, or has been simplified in some characters but not others. In that case, simplifying it in isolation can be used as common ryakuji. For example, {{nihongo2|卒}} is used in isolation, but in compounds has been simplified to {{nihongo2|[[wikt:卆|卆]]}}, such as {{nihongo2|醉}} to {{nihongo2|酔}}. Using {{nihongo2|卆}} in isolation, such as when writing {{nihongo2|新卒}} ''shin-sotsu'' "newly graduated" as {{nihongo2|新卆}}, is unofficial ryakuji. As another example, {{nihongo2|專}} has been simplified to {{nihongo2|云}} in some characters, such as {{nihongo2|傳}} to {{nihongo2|伝}}, but only to {{nihongo2|専}} in isolation or other characters. Thus simplifying the {{nihongo2|専}} in {{nihongo2|薄}} (bottom part {{nihongo2|溥}}) to {{nihongo2|云}} is found in ryakuji.

More unusual examples come from calligraphic abbreviations, or more formally from printed forms of calligraphic forms: a standard character is first written in a calligraphic ({{nihongo2|草書}}, grass script) form, then this is converted back to print script ({{nihongo2|楷書}}) in a simplified form. This is the same principle as graphical simplifications such as {{nihongo2|學→学}}, and of various simplifications above, such as {{nihongo2|第→㐧}}. A conspicuous informal example is {{nihongo2|喜→㐂}} (3 copies of the character for 7: {{nihongo2|七}}), which is rather frequently seen on store signs. Other examples include {{nihongo2|鹿→𢈘}}; and replacing the center of {{nihongo2|風}} with two {{nihongo2|丶}}, as in the bottom of {{nihongo2|冬}}. {{nihongo2|御}} has various such simplifications. In [[Niigata (disambiguation)|Niigata]] ({{nihongo2|新潟}}), the second character {{nihongo2|潟}} is rare and complex, and is thus simplified as {{nihongo2|潟→泻（氵写）}}.

 

Derived characters accordingly also have derived ryakuji, as in these characters derived from {{nihongo2|門}}:

<gallery>

Similarly, the {{nihongo2|魚→𩵋}} simplification is often used in fish compounds, such as {{nihongo2|鮨}} ''[[sushi]],'' particularly in signs.

 

Some ryakuji are simplified [[phono-semantic]] characters, retaining a radical as semantic and replacing the rest of the character with a [[katakana]] phonetic for the ''on'' reading, e.g., {{nihongo2|[[wikt:議|議]]}} (20 strokes) may be simplified as {{nihongo2|言}} (semantic) + {{nihongo2|ギ}} (phonetic ''gi'' for ''on'' reading):

<gallery>

</gallery>

 

{{commons category|Kanji shorthand}}

* {{nihongo2|[[〆]]}}, ''shime,'' simplification of {{nihongo2|占}} (as {{nihongo2|占め しめ}} ''shime'')

* [[Yakja]], Korean simplifications

 

{{More citations needed|date=March 2011}}

* Spahn and Hadamitzky, ''The Kanji Dictionary,'' {{ISBN|978-0-8048-2058-5}}

 

* [http://hac.cside.com/bunsho/1shou/39setu.html More examples of Ryakuji]

* [http://pbbs.web.fc2.com/etc/ryakuji.htm Even more examples of Ryakuji]