Rumpun bahasa Dardik: Perbedaan antara revisi

{{Infobox language family|name=Dardic|region=Eastern [[Afghanistan]], northern [[Pakistan]] ([[Gilgit Baltistan]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]), [[North India|northern]] [[India]] ([[Jammu and Kashmir]])|familycolor=Indo-European|fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]|fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]|child1=Chitral|child2=[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]|child3=Kohistani|child4=Kunar|child5=[[Pashayi languages|Pashayi]]|child6=[[Shina language|Shina]]|glotto=none|glotto2=indo1324|glottoname2=Northwestern Zone|glottorefname2=Indo-Aryan Northwestern zone}}Rumpun bahasa '''Dardik''' (disebut juga '''Dardu''' atau '''Pisaka'''<ref>http://www.britannica.com/topic/Dardic-languages</ref>) adalah sub-kelompok [[Rumpun bahasa Indo-Arya|rumpun bahasa Indo-Arya]] yang secara asli dituturkan di bagian utara [[Gilgit–Baltistan|Gilgit Baltistan]] dan [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] negara [[Pakistan]], bagian utara [[Jammu dan Kashmir]], [[India]], dan bagian timur [[Afganistan|Afghanistan]].<ref name="austin2008">{{Citation|title=One thousand languages: living, endangered, and lost|last=Peter K. Austin|year=2008|isbn=0-520-25560-7|publisher=University of California Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3tAqIU0dPsC|quote=Kashmiri is one of the twenty-two official languages of India, and belongs to the Dardic group, a non-genetic term that covers about two dozen Indo-Aryan languages spoken in geographically isolated, mountainous northwestern parts of South Asia ...}}</ref><ref name="jain-cardona-2007">{{Cite encyclopaedia|year=2007|title=The Indo-Aryan languages|editor1-first=Danesh|editor1-last=Jain|editor2-first=George|editor2-last=Cardona|page=905|quote='Dardic' is a geographic cover term for those Northwest Indo-Aryan languages which ''[..]'' developed new characteristics different from the IA languages of the Indo-Gangetic plain. Although the Dardic and Nuristani (previously 'Kafiri') languages were formerly grouped together, Morgenstierne (1965) has established that the Dardic languages are Indo-Aryan, and that the Nuristani languages constitute a separate subgroup of Indo-Iranian.|isbn=978-0415772945|author-first=Elena|author-last=Bashir}}</ref> [[Bahasa Kashmiri|Kashmir]] adalah bahasa Dardik yang paling menonjol, dengan tradisi sastra yang mapan dan pengakuan resmi sebagai salah satu [[Bahasa resmi|bahasa resmi]] India.<ref name="austin2008" /><ref name="bussmann1998">{{Citation|title=Routledge dictionary of language and linguistics|last=Hadumod Bussmann|last2=Gregory Trauth|last3=Kerstin Kazzazi|year=1998|isbn=0-415-20319-8|publisher=Taylor & Francis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rhvDiOxOUe4C|quote=... Dardic Group of about fifteen Indo-Iranian languages in northwestern India; the most significant language is Kashmiri (approx. 3 million speakers) ...}}</ref><ref name="kloss1989">{{Citation|title=The Written Languages of the World: A Survey of the Degree and Modes of Use, Volume 2: India|last=H. Kloss|last2=G.D. McConnell|last3=B.P. Mahapatra|last4=P. Padmanabha|last5=V.S. Verma|year=1989|isbn=2-7637-7186-6|publisher=Les Presses De L'Université Laval|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8nq-C6wnoC|quote=Among all the languages of the Dardic group, Kashmiri is the only one which has a long literary tradition ...}}</ref>

[[George Abraham Grierson]] (1919), dengan sedikit data, mengemukakan sebuah keluarga dari "rumpun bahasa Dardik", yang dicirikannya sebagai cabang independen dari [[Rumpun bahasa Indo-Iran|rumpun bahasa Indo-Iran]], terpisah dari cabang [[Rumpun bahasa Iran|Iran]] dan [[Rumpun bahasa Indo-Arya|Indo-Arya]]. Keluarga bahasa Dardik-nya memiliki tiga subfamili, rumpun bahasa "Kafiri" (sekarang disebut [[Rumpun bahasa Nuristan|Nuristan]]), "Central" dan "Dard". Pandangan Grierson sekarang dianggap usang dan salah dalam rinciannya. Namun, ini terus sering dikutip dalam karya referensi.{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=461}}

Rekaman tentang Torwal, suatu suku non-Pashtun yang bersama Gabaris, menduduki Swat bagian bawah dan atas sebelum invasi Swat oleh Yusufzai Pashtun pada abad keenam belas Masehi..

: 4.{{Note|4}}[[Sandi (fonologi)|Sandhi]] rules in Sanskrit allow the combination of multiple neighboring words together into a single word: for instance, word-final 'ah' plus word-initial 'a' merge into 'o'. In actual Sanskrit literature, with the effects of sandhi, this sentence would be expected to appear as ''Eṣá ékóśvósti''. Also, word-final 'a' is Sanskrit is a [[Pepet|schwa]], {{IPA|[ə]}} (similar to the ending 'e' in the German name, [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]), so e.g. the second word is pronounced {{IPA|[éːk'''ə''']}}. Pitch accent is indicated with an [[Aksen tirus|acute accent]] in the case of the older [[Bahasa Weda|Vedic language]], which was inherited from Proto-Indo-European.

: 5.{{Note|5}}Hindi-Urdu, and other non-Dardic Indo-Aryan languages, also sometimes utilize a "verb second" order (similar to Kashmiri and English) for dramatic effect.<ref name="mgihu2001">{{Citation|title=Hindi: language, discourse, and writing, Volume 2|year=2001|access-date=2010-05-28|isbn=|publisher=Mahatma Gandhi International Hindi University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMZjAAAAMAAJ|quote=... the verbs, positioned in the middle of the sentences (rather than at the end) intensify the dramatic quality ...}}</ref> ''Yeh ek ghoṛā '''hai''''' is the normal conversational form in Hindi-Urdu. ''Yeh '''hai''' ek ghoṛā'' is also grammatically correct but indicates a dramatic revelation or other surprise. This dramatic form is often used in news headlines in Hindi-Urdu, Punjabi and other Indo-Aryan languages.

* Decker, Kendall D. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, Volume 5. Languages of Chitral.

* National Institute of Pakistani Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University & Summer Institute of Linguistics [http://www.sil.org/sociolx/pubs/32850_SSNP05.pdf]