Program bom hidrogen Britania: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Program bom hidrogen Britania''' adalah program nuklir [[Britania Raya]] antara 1952 dan 1958 yang sukses menghasilkan [[bom hidrogen]], senjata nuklir dengan daya ledak jauh melebihi [[bom atom]] [[fisi nuklir]] biasa. Pada awal [[Perang Dunia II]], Britania memiliki sebuah proyek senjata nuklir yang dinamakan ''[[Tube Alloys]]''. Pada [[Konferensi Quebec]] (Agustus 1943), Perdana Menteri Britania [[Winston Churchill]] dan Presiden Amerika Serikat [[Franklin Roosevelt]] menandatangani [[Perjanjian Quebec]] yang menggabungkan ''Tube Alloys'' ke [[Proyek Manhattan]] milik Amerika Serikat (AS), dan para ilmuwan Britania pun ikut serta dalam Proyek AS tersebut. Saat itu, pemerintah Britania menganggap bahwa teknologi nuklir yang dihasilkan Proyek Manhattan adalah hasil penemuan bersama, dan AS akan berbagi teknologi dengan Britania. Namun, [[Undang-Undang Energi Atom 1946]] AS (dikenal juga sebagai "McMahon Act") mengakhiri kerjasama teknis di bidang nuklir. Khawatir bahwa Britania akan kehilangan statusnya sebagai [[kekuatan besar]] dunia, dan bahwa AS akan kembali bersikap [[Isolasionisme Amerika Serikat|isolasionis]], pemerintah Britania pun meluncurkan kembali program nuklirnya, yang dinamakan [[High Explosive Research]] ("Penelitian Peledak Besar").
Program ini berhasil mengantarkan Britania untuk melakukan [[uji coba nuklir]] bom atom dalam [[Operasi Hurricane]] pada Oktober 1952, sebuah pencapaian besar dari segi sains dan teknologi. Dengan keberhasilan ini, Britania menjadi negara ketiga yang bersenjata nuklir, dan mengukuhkan posisinya sebagai kekuatan besar dunia. Namun, harapan Britania bahwa pencapaian ini akan menyebabkan AS mengembalikan "[[Hubungan Istimewa]]" di antara kedua negara ternyata tidak tercapai. Tak lama kemudian, AS berhasil melakukan uji coba [[bom hidrogen]] pertama ("[[Ivy Mike]]")), menunjukkan bahwa Britania masih tertinggal dalam teknologi nuklir. Komite Kebijakan Pertahanan, yang diketuai oleh Churchill dan beranggotakan anggota senior [[Kabinet Britania Raya]], mempertimbangkan konsekuensi politik dan strategis dari perkembangan ini, dan menyimpulkan bahwa "kita harus mempertahankan dan memperkuat posisi kita sebagai kekuatan dunia, sehingga Pemerintah Sri Ratu dapat memiliki pengaruh kuat dalam pemerintahan di dunia." Pada Juli 1954, Kabinet Britania setuju untuk melanjutkan pengembangan bom hidrogen.
Para ilmuwan yang bekerja di [[Atomic Weapons Establishment]] milik [[Otoritas Energi Atom Britania Raya]] di [[Aldermaston]], [[Berkshire]], di antaranya adalah [[William Penney]], [[William Richard Joseph Cook|William Cook]], [[Kenneth Allen (fisikawan)|Ken Allen]], [[Samuel Curran]], [[Henry Hulme]], [[John Bryan Taylor|Bryan Taylor]] dan [[John Clive Ward|John Ward]]. Mereka menghasilkan tiga rancangan: [[Orange Herald]], sebuah [[senjata fisi berpenggalak]] yang besar; [[Green Bamboo]], sebuah rancangan bom hidrogen pendahuluan; dan [[Green Granite]], rancangan bom hidrogen yang sesungguhnya. Uji coba pertama Green Granite mengalami kegagalan, walaupun saat itu dipuji sebagai keberhasilan. Uji coba kedua berhasil menguji Orange Herald sebagai senjata berhulu ledak [[megaton]], namun bom ini bukanlah bom hidrogen, dan penggalak intinya tidak berjalan. Uji coba ketiga dilakukan dengan memperbaiki rancangan Green Granite, namun ini pun tidak berhasil.
Britania berhasil melakukan uji coba rancangan bom hidrogen pada November 1957, dengan kode Grapple X. Uji coba Grapple Y pada April berikutnya berhasil meledakkan bom dengan [[Daya ledak senjata nuklir|daya ledak]] yang didominasi [[fusi nuklir]], dan akhirnya Britania berhasil menunjukkan penguasaan teknologi bom hidrogen dalam rangkaian uji coba Grapple Z pada tahun yang sama. Britania lalu ikut serta dalam moratorium uji coba nuklir internasional yang dimulai pada 31 Oktober 1958, dan menghapuskan uji coba nuklir atmosfer untuk selamanya. Keberhasilan program bom hidrogen ini, serta terjadinya [[Krisis Sputnik]], menjadi faktor disetujuinya [[Perjanjian Pertahanan Bersama Amerika Serikat–Britania Raya 1958]], dan "Hubungan Istimewa" kedua negara pun dipulihkan.
==Referensi==
=== Catatan kaki ===
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=== Daftar pustaka ===
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[[Kategori:Sejarah Britania Raya]]
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