Sosialisme: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Sosialisme''' atau '''sosialis''' adalah [[sistem sosial]] dan [[Sistem ekonomi|ekonomi]] yang ditandai dengan [[kepemilikan sosial]] dari [[Alat produksi|alat-alat produksi]] dan [[manajemen koperasimandiri ekonomipekerja]],{{refn|<ref>{{cite book |author1title=Upton Sinclair's: A Monthly Magazine: for Social Justice, by Peaceful Means If Possible |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0w9AQAAMAAJ |date=1 January 1918 |last=Sinclair |first=Upton |authorlink=Upton Sinclair |quote=Socialism, you see, is a bird with two wings. The definition is 'social ownership and democratic control of the instruments and means of production.'}}</ref><ref name="Nove">{{cite web |last=Nove |first=Alec |title=Socialism |website=New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Second Edition (2008) |url=http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000173 |quote=A society may be defined as socialist if the major part of the means of production of goods and services is in some sense socially owned and operated, by state, socialised or cooperative enterprises. The practical issues of socialism comprise the relationships between management and workforce within the enterprise, the interrelationships between production units (plan versus markets), and, if the state owns and operates any part of the economy, who controls it and how.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rosser |first=Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr. |title=Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy |publisher=MIT Press |date=23 July 2003 |isbn=978-0-262-18234-8 |page=53 |quote=Socialism is an economic system characterised by state or collective ownership of the means of production, land, and capital.}}</ref><ref name="N. Scott Arnold 1998. pg. 8">"What else does a socialist economic system involve? Those who favor socialism generally speak of social ownership, social control, or socialization of the means of production as the distinctive positive feature of a socialist economic system" N. Scott Arnold. ''The Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism : A Critical Study''. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 8</ref><ref name="Busky1">{{cite book |last=Busky |first=Donald F. |title=Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey |publisher=Praeger |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-275-96886-1 |page=2 |quote=Socialism may be defined as movements for social ownership and control of the economy. It is this idea that is the common element found in the many forms of socialism.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Bertrand Badie |author2= Dirk Berg-Schlosser |author3= Leonardo Morlino |title= International Encyclopedia of Political Science |publisher= SAGE Publications, Inc |year= 2011 |isbn= 978-14129596361-4129-5963-6 |page =2456 2456|quote=Socialist systems are those regimes based on the economic and political theory of socialism, which advocates public ownership and cooperative management of the means of production and allocation of resources.}}</ref><ref>[http{{cite book |last=Zimbalist, Sherman and Brown |first=Andrew, Howard J. and Stuart |title=Comparing Economic Systems: A Political-Economic Approach |publisher=Harcourt College Pub |date=1988 |isbn=978-0-15-512403-5 |page=7 |quote=Pure socialism is defined as a system wherein all of the means of production are owned and run by the government and/or cooperative, nonprofit groups.}}</wwwref><ref>{{cite book |last=Brus |first=Wlodzimierz |title=The Economics and Politics of Socialism |publisher=Routledge |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-415-86647-7 |page=87 |quote=This alteration in the relationship between economy and politics is evident in the very definition of a socialist economic system.britannica The basic characteristic of such a system is generally reckoned to be the predominance of the social ownership of the means of production.com/EBchecked/topic/551569}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Michie |first=Jonathan |title=Readers Guide to the Social Sciences |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57958-091-9 |page=1516 |quote=Just as private ownership defines capitalism, social ownership defines socialism. The essential characteristic of ''socialism''] Britannicain ACADEMICtheory EDITIONis that it destroys social hierarchies, and therefore leads to a politically and economically egalitarian society. RetrievedTwo 19closely Januaryrelated 2012consequences follow. First, every individual is entitled to an equal ownership share that earns an aliquot part of the total social dividend…Second, in order to eliminate social hierarchy in the workplace, enterprises are run by those employed, and not by the representatives of private or state capital. Thus, the well-known historical tendency of the divorce between ownership and management is brought to an end. The society—i.e. every individual equally—owns capital and those who work are entitled to manage their own economic affairs.}}</ref>}} serta [[teori politik]] dan gerakan yang mengarah pada pembentukan sistem tersebut.<ref name="Socialism at The Free dictionary">"2. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) any of various social or political theories or movements in which the common welfare is to be achieved through the establishment of a socialist economic system" [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/socialism "Socialism" at The Free dictionary]</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">"TheKepemilikan origins of socialism as a political movement lie in the Industrial Revolution.sosial" [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/551569/socialismbisa "Socialism"merujuk inpada [[Encyclopediakepemilikan Britannicanegara]], Online]</ref> "[[Kepemilikan sosial" bisa merujuk kekolektif|kolektif]], [[koperasi]], [[kepemilikan umum,sosial kepemilikan negara, kepemilikan wargaatas ekuitas]], atau kombinasi dari semuanya.<ref>{{cite book|last= O'Hara|first= Phillip|title= Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2|publisher= [[Routledge]]|date=September 2003|isbn= 0-415-24187-1|page = 71|quote=In order of increasing decentralisation (at least) three forms of socialized ownership can be distinguished: state-owned firms, employee-owned (or socially) owned firms, and citizen ownership of equity.}}</ref> Ada banyak jenistipe sosialisme dan tidak ada definisi tunggal secara enskapitulasimenyeluruh darimenjelaskan mereka semua.,<ref>Peter Lamb, J. C. Docherty. ''Historical dictionary of socialism''. Lanham, Maryland, UK; Oxford, England, UK: Scarecrow Press, Inc, 2006. p. 1.</ref> Merekadengan berbedakepemilikan dalamsosial jenismenjadi kepemilikanunsur sosialutama yang merekadimiliki ajukanberbagai tipe sistem ini.<ref name="Busky1"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Arnold |first=Scott |title=The Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism: A Critical Study |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-508827-4 |pages=7–8 |quote=This term is harder to define, sejauhsince manasocialists merekadisagree bergantungamong padathemselves pasarabout atauwhat perencanaansocialism ‘really is.’ It would seem that everyone (socialists and nonsocialists alike) could at least agree that it is not a system in which there is widespread private ownership of the means of production…To be a socialist is not just to believe in certain ends, bagaimanagoals, manajemenvalues, harusor diselenggarakanideals. dalamIt lembaga-lembagaalso yangrequires produktifa belief in a certain institutional means to achieve those ends; whatever that may mean in positive terms, danit perancertainly negarapresupposes, dalamat membanguna sosialismeminimum, the belief that these ends and values cannot be achieved in an economic system in which there is widespread private ownership of the means of production…Those who favor socialism generally speak of social ownership, social control, or socialization of the means of production as the distinctive positive feature of a socialist economic system.}}</ref>Nove<ref>{{cite book |last=Hastings, AlecMason and Pyper |first=Adrian, Alistair and Hugh |title=The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=21 December 2000 |isbn=978-0-19-860024-4 |page=677 |quote=Socialists have always recognized that there are many possible forms of social ownership of which co-operative ownership is one...Nevertheless, ''Socialism''socialism has throughout its history been inseparable from some form of common ownership. NewBy Palgraveits Dictionaryvery nature it involves the abolition of Economicsprivate ownership of capital; bringing the means of production, Seconddistribution, Editionand (2008):exchange http://wwwinto public ownership and control is central to its philosophy.dictionaryofeconomics It is difficult to see how it can survive, in theory or practice, without this central idea.com/article?id=pde2008_S000173}}</ref> '''Sosialis''' merujuk pada orang yang menganut paham sosialisme.

Istilah ini mulai digunakan sejak awal abad ke-19. Dalam [[bahasa Inggris]], istilah ini digunakan pertama kali untuk menyebut pengikut [[Robert Owen]] pada tahun [[1827]]. Di [[Prancis]], istilah ini mengacu pada para pengikut doktrin [[Comte de Claude Henri de Rouvray Saint-Simon|Saint-Simon]] pada tahun [[1832]], yangdan dipopulerkan oleh [[Pierre Leroux]] dan [[J. Regnaud]] dalam ''[[l'Encyclopédie Nouvelle]]''<ref>''A History of Socialist Thought'', Volume 1 ([[1965]]), hlm. 1-2</ref>. Penggunaan istilah sosialisme sering digunakan dalam berbagai konteks yang berbeda-beda oleh berbagai kelompok, tetapi hampir semua sepakat bahwa istilah ini berawal dari pergolakan kaum [[buruh industri]] dan [[buruh tani]] pada abad ke-19 hingga awal abad ke-20 berdasarkan prinsip solidaritas dan memperjuangkan masyarakat [[egalitarian]] yang dengan [[sistem ekonomi]] yang menurut mereka dapat melayani masyarakat banyakluas, daripadatidak hanya segelintir elite saja.

[[Gerakan politik]] sosialis mencakup beragam [[filsafat politik]]. Dikotomi intiutama dalam gerakan sosialis termasukdi antaranya perbedaan antara [[reformisme]] dan [[sosialisme revolusioner]]; danserta antara [[sosialisme negara]] dan [[sosialisme libertarian]]. Sosialisme negara menyerukanmenganjurkan [[nasionalisasi]] alat-alat produksi sebagai strategi untuk menerapkan sosialisme, sementara sosialis libertarian umumnya menempatkanberupaya harapan mereka padadengan cara desentralisasi [[demokrasi langsung]] seperti libertarian municipalisme, 'majelis, [[serikat buruh]], dan [[dewan pekerja]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Rocker|first=Rudolf|title=Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice|page=65|year=2004|publisher=[[AK Press]]|isbn=978-1-902593-92-0 }}</ref> datangyang muncul dari sikap anti-otoriter umum.<ref>"Authority is defined in terms of the right to exercise social control (as explored in the "sociology of power") and the correlative duty to obey (as explred in the "philosophy of practical reason"). Anarchism is distinguished, philosophically, by its scepticism towards such moral relations – by its questioning of the claims made for such normative power – and, practically, by its challenge to those "authoritative" powers which cannot justify their claims and which are therefore deemed illegitimate or without moral foundation."[http://books.google.com.ec/books?id=kkj5i3CeGbQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism'' by Paul McLaughlin. AshGate. 2007. pg. 1]</ref><ref name="iaf-ifa.org">"The [[International of Anarchist Federations|IAF - IFA]] fights for : the abolition of all forms of authority whether economical, political, social, religious, cultural or sexual."[http://www.iaf-ifa.org/principles/english.html "Principles of The [[International of Anarchist Federations]]"]</ref><ref>"Anarchism, then, really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property; liberation from the shackles and restraint of government. Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations." [[Emma Goldman]]. "What it Really Stands for Anarchy" in ''[[Anarchism and Other Essays]]''.</ref><ref>Individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker defined anarchism as opposition to authority as follows "They found that they must turn either to the right or to the left, — follow either the path of Authority or the path of Liberty. Marx went one way; Warren and Proudhon the other. Thus were born State Socialism and Anarchism...Authority, takes many shapes, but, broadly speaking, her enemies divide themselves into three classes: first, those who abhor her both as a means and as an end of progress, opposing her openly, avowedly, sincerely, consistently, universally; second, those who profess to believe in her as a means of progress, but who accept her only so far as they think she will subserve their own selfish interests, denying her and her blessings to the rest of the world; third, those who distrust her as a means of progress, believing in her only as an end to be obtained by first trampling upon, violating, and outraging her. These three phases of opposition to Liberty are met in almost every sphere of thought and human activity. Good representatives of the first are seen in the Catholic Church and the Russian autocracy; of the second, in the Protestant Church and the Manchester school of politics and political economy; of the third, in the atheism of Gambetta and the socialism of Karl Marx." [[Benjamin Tucker]]. [http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Benjamin_Tucker__Individual_Liberty.html ''Individual Liberty.'']</ref><ref name="Ward 1966">{{cite web |url=http://www.panarchy.org/ward/organization.1966.html|last=Ward|first=Colin|year=1966|title=Anarchism as a Theory of Organization|accessdate=1 March 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100325081119/http://www.panarchy.org/ward/organization.1966.html| archivedate= 25 March 2010<!--Added by DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref>Anarchist historian [[George Woodcock]] report of [[Mikhail Bakunin]]'s anti-authoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and non-state forms of authority as follows: "All anarchists deny authority; many of them fight against it." (pg. 9)...Bakunin did not convert the League's central committee to his full program, but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Berne Congress of September 1868, demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State."</ref><ref name="Brown 2002 106">{{cite book|last=Brown|first=L. Susan|chapter=Anarchism as a Political Philosophy of Existential Individualism: Implications for Feminism|title=The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism and Anarchism|publisher=Black Rose Books Ltd. Publishing|year= 2002|page=106}}</ref> [[Sosialisme demokratisdemokratik]] menyoroti peran sentral proses demokrasi dan sistem politik dan biasanya kontras dengan gerakan politik non-demokratis yang mendukung sosialisme.<ref>Often, this definition is invoked to distinguish democratic socialism from authoritarian socialism as in Malcolm Hamilton ''Democratic Socialism in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and [[Sweden]]'' (St Martin's Press 1989),in Donald F. Busky, Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey Greenwood Publishing, 2000, See pp.7-8., Jim Tomlinson's ''Democratic Socialism and Economic Policy: The Attlee Years, 1945-1951'', Norman Thomas ''Democratic Socialism: a new appraisal'' or [[Roy Hattersley]]'s ''Choose Freedom: The Future of Democratic Socialism''</ref> Beberapa sosialis telahjuga mengadopsi penyebabgagasan sistem ini di gerakan sosial lainnya, seperti [[sosialisme lingkungan|lingkungan]], [[Feminisme sosialis|feminisme]] dan [[Liberalisme sosial|liberalisme]].<ref>Garrett Ward Sheldon. Encyclopedia of Political Thought. Fact on File. Inc. 2001. pg. 280</ref>

== Kritik dan debatPolitik ==

* [[NeoliberalismeAntifasisme]]

* [[FavoritismeDaftar negara sosialis]]

* [[NormaDaftar (sosiologi)ideologi komunis]]

* [[NormaDaftar sosial|Tataekonomi susilasosialis]]

* [[RomantisismeSosialisme demokratik]]

* [[FanatismeDemokrasi sosial]]

[[Kategori:Anti-kapitalismeAntikapitalisme]]

[[Kategori:Anti-fasismeAntifasisme]]