Asyera: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Asyera''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|æ|ʃ|ə|r|ə}}; [[Ugaritic language|Ugaritic]]: 𐎀𐎘𐎗𐎚 : ''''ṯrt'''; {{lang-he|אֲשֵׁרָה}}; {{lang-en|Asherah}}) adalah nama dewi penduduk asli tanah [[Kanaan]] yang menjamin kesuburan. Lambangnya ialah pohon yang rimbun atau suatu "tiang berhala" yang oleh para nabi [[Israel]] ditentang keras ({{Ayat|buku=Ulangan|pasal=16|ayat=21}}, {{Ayat|buku=2 Raja-raja|pasal=23|ayat=4|sampaiayat=6}}). Dalam mitologi [[Semitik]] merupakan "dewi ibu" (''mother goddess''), yang muncul dalam sejumlah sumber kuno termasuk tulisan [[bahasa Akkadia]] dengan nama '''Ashratum''' atau '''Ashratu''' dan dalam budaya Het atau Hitit sebagai '''Asherdu(s)''', '''Ashertu(s)''', '''Aserdu(s)''' atau '''Asertu(s)'''. Asyera juga dianggap sama dengan dewi [[Ugarit]] '''Athirat''' (lebih tepatnya ditulis '''{{Unicode|ʼAṯirat}}''').

Dalam teks Ugarit (sebelum [[1200 SM]]) Athirat hampir selalu diikuti oleh gelar penuhnya ''rbt {{Unicode|ʼaṯrt}} ym'', ''rabat {{Unicode|ʼAṯirat}} yammi'', 'Dewi Athirat dari Laut' atau diterjemahkan lebih lengkap 'Wanita yang menenun di atas laut', (Ugaritic : 𐎗𐎁𐎚 𐎀𐎘𐎗𐎚 𐎊𐎎 ) Nama ini muncul 12 kali di Epik [[Ba'al]] saja.<ref name=autogenerated1971>{{citation |last=Gibson |first=J C L |year=1978 |title=Canaanite myths and legends |last2=Driver |first2=G R |publisher=T. & T. Clark |isbn=9780567023513}}</ref> Diyakini bahwa nama ini berasal dari akar kata Ugarit ''{{Unicode|ʼaṯr}}'' 'perselisihan' yang seiring dengan akar kata Ibrani ''{{Unicode|ʼšr}}'' dengan makna yang sama.

Her other main divine epithet was "qaniyatu ʾilhm" (Ugaritic : 𐎖𐎐𐎊𐎚 𐎛𐎍𐎎 : qnyt ʾlm) which may be translated as "the creatrix of the gods (Elohim)".<ref name=autogenerated1971/>

In those texts, Athirat is the consort of the god [[El (god)|El]]; there is one reference to the 70 sons of Athirat, presumably the same as the 70 sons of El. She is clearly distinguished from [[Ashtart|{{Unicode|ʿAshtart}}]] (better known in English as Astarte or Ashtoreth in the Bible) in the Ugaritic documents although in non-Ugaritic sources from later periods the distinction between the two goddesses can be blurred; either as a result of scribal error or through possible [[syncretism]]. In any case, the two names begin with different consonants in the Semitic languages; Athirat/Asherah (Ugaritic : 𐎀𐎘𐎗𐎚 : aṯrt) with an ''aleph'' or [[glottal stop]] consonant א and `Ashtart/`Ashtoreth (Ugaritic : 𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚 : ʿṯtrt) with an ''`ayin'' or voiced [[pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeal]] consonant ע), indicating the lack of any plausible etymological connection between the names.

She is also called '''Elat''' (Ugaritic : 𐎛𐎍𐎚 : ilt) ("Goddess", the feminine form of El; compare Allat) and '''Qodesh''' 'Holiness' (Ugaritic : 𐎖𐎄𐎌 : qdš). Athirat in Akkadian texts appears as Ashratum (Antu), the wife of Anu, the god of heaven. In contrast, Ashtart is believed to be linked to the [[Mesopotamian religion|Mesopotamian]] Goddess [[Ishtar]] who is sometimes portrayed as the daughter of Anu while in Ugaritic myth, Ashtart is one of the daughters of El, the West Semitic counterpart of Anu.

Among the Hittites this goddess appears as Asherdu(s) or Asertu(s), the consort of Elkunirsa (from the Ugaritic title, El-qan-arsha : "El the Creator of Earth") and mother of either 77 or 88 sons.