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'''Sosialisme''' adalah serangkaian [[sistem
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Sistem sosialis dibagi menjadi dua, dalam bentuk nonpasar dan [[Pasar (ekonomi)|pasar]].<ref name="Kolb">{{cite book |last=Kolb |first=Robert |title=Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society, First Edition |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc |date=19 October 2007 |isbn=978-1412916523 |page=1345 |quote=There are many forms of socialism, all of which eliminate private ownership of capital and replace it with collective ownership. These many forms, all focused on advancing distributive justice for long-term social welfare, can be divided into two broad types of socialism: nonmarket and market.}}</ref> Sosialisme nonpasar melibatkan penggantian [[pasar faktor]] dan [[uang]] dengan kriteria teknis berdasarkan [[Kalkulasi dalam barang|perhitungan yang dilakukan dalam bentuk barang]], dan dengan demikian menghasilkan mekanisme ekonomi yang berfungsi sesuai dengan [[Hukum nilai|hukum ekonomi]] yang berbeda dari [[kapitalisme]]. Sosialisme nonpasar bertujuan untuk menghindari ketidakefisienan dan [[Krisis ekonomi|krisis]] yang secara tradisional diasosiasikan dengan [[akumulasi kapital]] dan sistem profit.{{refn|<ref>{{cite book |last=Bockman |first=Johanna |title=Markets in the name of Socialism: The Left-Wing origins of Neoliberalism |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8047-7566-3 |page=20 |quote=socialism would function without capitalist economic categories—such as money, prices, interest, profits and rent—and thus would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science. While some socialists recognised the need for money and prices at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism, socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilise the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Steele |first=David Ramsay |title=From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation |publisher=Open Court |date=1999 |isbn=978-0-87548-449-5 |pages=175–77 |quote=Especially before the 1930s, many socialists and anti-socialists implicitly accepted some form of the following for the incompatibility of state-owned industry and factor markets. A market transaction is an exchange of property titles between two independent transactors. Thus internal market exchanges cease when all of industry is brought into the ownership of a single entity, whether the state or some other organization...the discussion applies equally to any form of social or community ownership, where the owning entity is conceived as a single organization or administration.}}</ref><ref>''Is Socialism Dead? A Comment on Market Socialism and Basic Income Capitalism'', by Arneson, Richard J. 1992. Ethics, vol. 102, no. 3, pp. 485–511. April 1992: "Marxian socialism is often identified with the call to organize economic activity on a nonmarket basis."</ref><ref>''Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists'', by Schweickart, David; Lawler, James; Ticktin, Hillel; Ollman, Bertell. 1998. From "The Difference Between Marxism and Market Socialism" (pp. 61–63): "More fundamentally, a socialist society must be one in which the economy is run on the principle of the direct satisfaction of human needs...Exchange-value, prices and so money are goals in themselves in a capitalist society or in any market. There is no necessary connection between the accumulation of capital or sums of money and human welfare. Under conditions of backwardness, the spur of money and the accumulation of wealth has led to a massive growth in industry and technology ... It seems an odd argument to say that a capitalist will only be efficient in producing use-value of a good quality when trying to make more money than the next capitalist. It would seem easier to rely on the planning of use-values in a rational way, which because there is no duplication, would be produced more cheaply and be of a higher quality."</ref><ref>''The Economics of Feasible Socialism Revisited'', by Nove, Alexander. 1991. p. 13: "Under socialism, by definition, it (private property and factor markets) would be eliminated. There would then be something like ‘scientific management’, ‘the science of socially organized production’, but it would not be economics."</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Socialism and Capitalism: Are They Qualitatively Different Socioeconomic Systems? |last=Kotz |first=David M. |accessdate=19 February 2011 |website=University of Massachusetts |url=http://people.umass.edu/dmkotz/Soc_and_Cap_Diff_Syst_06_12.pdf |format=PDF}} "This understanding of socialism was held not just by revolutionary Marxist socialists but also by evolutionary socialists, Christian socialists, and even anarchists. At that time, there was also wide agreement about the basic institutions of the future socialist system: public ownership instead of private ownership of the means of production, economic planning instead of market forces, production for use instead of for profit."</ref><ref name="Toward a Socialism for the Future, in the Wake of the Demise of the Socialism of the Past 1">''Toward a Socialism for the Future, in the Wake of the Demise of the Socialism of the Past'', by Weisskopf, Thomas E. 1992. Review of Radical Political Economics, Vol. 24, No. 3–4, p. 2: "Socialism has historically been committed to the improvement of people's material standards of living. Indeed, in earlier days many socialists saw the promotion of improving material living standards as the primary basis for socialism's claim to superiority over capitalism, for socialism was to overcome the irrationality and inefficiency seen as endemic to a capitalist system of economic organization."</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Prychito |first=David L. |title=Markets, Planning, and Democracy: Essays After the Collapse of Communism |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |date=2002 |isbn=978-1-84064-519-4 |page=12 |quote=Socialism is a system based upon de facto public or social ownership of the means of production, the abolition of a hierarchical division of labor in the enterprise, a consciously organized social division of labor. Under socialism, money, competitive pricing, and profit-loss accounting would be destroyed.}}</ref>}} Sebaliknya, [[sosialisme pasar]] mempertahankan penggunaan harga moneter, pasar faktor; dan dalam beberapa kasus, [[motif profit]], sehubungan dengan operasi perusahaan yang dimiliki secara sosial dan alokasi barang modal di antara mereka. Keuntungan yang dihasilkan oleh perusahaan ini akan dikelola secara langsung oleh tenaga kerja dari masing-masing perusahaan, atau diberikan ke masyarakat luas dalam bentuk [[dividen sosial]].<ref name="Social Dividend versus Basic Income Guarantee in Market Socialism, 2004">''Social Dividend versus Basic Income Guarantee in Market Socialism'', by Marangos, John. 2004. International Journal of Political Economy, vol. 34, no. 3, Fall 2004.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=O'Hara |first=Phillip |title=Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-415-24187-8 |page=71 |quote=Market socialism is the general designation for a number of models of economic systems. On the one hand, the market mechanism is utilized to distribute economic output, to organize production and to allocate factor inputs. On the other hand, the economic surplus accrues to society at large rather than to a class of private (capitalist) owners, through some form of collective, public or social ownership of capital.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Pierson |first=Christopher |title=Socialism After Communism: The New Market Socialism |publisher=Pennsylvania State Univ Press |date=1995 |isbn=978-0-271-01478-4 |page=96 |quote=At the heart of the market socialist model is the abolition of the large-scale private ownership of capital and its replacement by some form of ‘social ownership’. Even the most conservative accounts of market socialism insist that this abolition of large-scale holdings of private capital is essential. This requirement is fully consistent with the market socialists’ general claim that the vices of market capitalism lie not with the institutions of the market but with (the consequences of) the private ownership of capital...}}</ref> [[Perdebatan kalkulasi sosialis]] memperhatikan kelayakan dan metode alokasi sumber daya bagi sistem sosialis.
Politik sosialis berorientasi baik internasionalis dan nasionalis; diorganisir melalui partai politik dan menentang politik partai; di satu waktu tumpang tindih dengan serikat pekerja, pada waktu lain independen dan kritis terhadap serikat; serta ada di negara terindustrialisasi dan berkembang.<ref>"In fact, socialism has been both centralist and local; organized from above and built from below; visionary and pragmatic; revolutionary and reformist; anti-state and statist; internationalist and nationalist; harnessed to political parties and shunning them; an outgrowth of trade unionism and independent of it; a feature of rich industrialized countries and poor peasant-based communities" Michael Newman. Socialism: A very Short introduction. Oxford University Press. 2005. p. 2.</ref> Berasal dari gerakan sosialis, [[demokrasi sosial]] telah merangkul [[ekonomi campuran]] dengan pasar yang mencakup intervensi negara yang substantif dalam bentuk [[redistribusi pendapatan]], [[ekonomi regulasi|regulasi]], dan [[negara kesejahteraan]]. [[Demokrasi ekonomi]] mengusulkan semacam sosialisme pasar di mana terdapat kontrol yang lebih terdesentralisasi atas perusahaan, mata uang, investasi, dan sumber daya alam.
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[[Gerakan politik]] sosialis mencakup serangkaian filsafat politik yang berasal dari gerakan revolusioner pertengahan hingga akhir abad ke-18, dan karena adanya kepedulian terhadap masalah sosial yang terkait dengan kapitalisme.<ref name="Peter Lamb 2006. p. 1"/> Pada akhir abad ke-19, setelah karya [[Karl Marx]] dan kolaboratornya [[Friedrich Engels]], sosialisme telah menjadi oposisi terhadap kapitalisme dan menganjurkan sistem [[Pascakapitalisme|pascakapitalis]] yang didasarkan pada suatu bentuk kepemilikan sosial atas alat produksi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gasper |first=Phillip |title=The Communist Manifesto: a road map to history's most important political document |publisher=Haymarket Books |date=October 2005 |isbn=978-1-931859-25-7 |page=24 |quote=As the nineteenth century progressed, "socialist" came to signify not only concern with the social question, but opposition to capitalism and support for some form of social ownership.}}</ref><ref name="Anthony Giddens 1994, p. 71">Anthony Giddens. ''Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics''. 1998 edition. Cambridge, England, UK: Polity Press, 1994, 1998. p. 71.</ref> Pada 1920-an, [[demokrasi sosial]] dan [[komunisme]] menjadi dua kecenderungan politik dominan di gerakan sosialis internasional.<ref>"Chapter 1 looks at the foundations of the doctrine by examining the contribution made by various traditions of socialism in the period between the early 19th century and the aftermath of the First World War. The two forms that emerged as dominant by the early 1920s were social democracy and communism." Michael Newman. ''Socialism: A Very Short Introduction''. Oxford University Press. 2005. p. 5</ref> Pada masa tersebut sosialisme muncul sebagai "gerakan sekuler paling berpengaruh pada abad ke-20 di seluruh dunia. Sosialisme adalah ideologi politik (atau pandangan dunia), gerakan politik yang luas dan terpecah-pecah"<ref>George Thomas Kurian (ed). ''The Encyclopedia of Political Science'' CQ Press. Washington, DC 2011. p. 1554</ref> dan ketika kebangkitan Uni Soviet sebagai [[negara sosialis]] nominal pertama di dunia menyebabkan menyebarnya asosisasi sosialisme dengan [[Ekonomi terencana tipe Soviet|model ekonomi Soviet]], beberapa ekonom dan intelektual berpendapat bahwa dalam praktinya model tersebut berfungsi sebagai bentuk [[kapitalisme negara]],<ref>[http://www.hetsa.org.au/pdf/34-A-08.pdf 'State Capitalism' in the Soviet Union], M.C. Howard and J.E. King</ref><ref>[[Richard D. Wolff]] (27 June 2015). [http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/31567-socialism-means-abolishing-the-distinction-between-bosses-and-employees Socialism Means Abolishing the Distinction Between Bosses and Employees]. ''[[Truthout]].'' Retrieved 9 July 2015.</ref><ref>[[Noam Chomsky]] (1986). [https://chomsky.info/1986____/ The Soviet Union Versus Socialism]. ''chomsky.info''.</ref> administrasi tidak terencana atau [[ekonomi komando]].<ref name="The Soviet Union Has an Administered, Not a Planned, Economy, 1985">{{cite journal |title=The Soviet Union Has an Administered, Not a Planned, Economy |last=Wilhelm |first=John Howard |year=1985 |journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies|Soviet Studies]] |pages=118–30 |volume=37 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/09668138508411571}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ellman |first=Michael |chapter=The Rise and Fall of Socialist Planning |title=Transition and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Mario Nuti |editor1-first=Saul |editor1-last=Estrin |editor2-first=Grzegorz W. |editor2-last=Kołodko |editor3-first=Milica |editor3-last=Uvalić |location=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-230-54697-4 |page=22 |quote=In the USSR in the late 1980s the system was normally referred to as the ‘administrative-command’ economy. What was fundamental to this system was not the plan but the role of administrative hierarchies at all levels of decision making; the absence of control over decision making by the population...}}</ref> [[Partai sosialis|Partai]] dan gagasan sosialis tetap menjadi kekuatan politik dengan berbagai tingkat kekuatan dan pengaruh di semua benua, serta memimpin pemerintahan nasional di banyak negara di dunia. Saat ini, beberapa sosialis juga mengadopsi prinsip dari gerakan sosial lain, seperti [[Ekososialisme|lingkungan]], [[Feminisme sosialis|feminisme]] dan [[progresivisme]].<ref>Garrett Ward Sheldon. ''Encyclopedia of Political Thought''. Fact on File. Inc. 2001. p. 280.</ref>
== Sejarah ==
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==== Internasional Ketiga ====
{{main|Komunis Internasional}}
[[Berkas:Rosa Luxemburg.jpg|jmpl|lurus|[[Rosa Luxemburg]], revolusioner Marxis utama, pemimpin [[Partai Demokrasi Sosial Jerman]]. Martir dan pemimpin [[Pemberontakan Spartakus]] Jerman pada 1919]]
==== Internasional Keempat ====
{{main|Internasional Keempat}}
==== Perang Sipil Spanyol ====
{{main|Perang Sipil Spanyol}}
=== Pertengahan abad ke-20 ===
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=== Akhir abad ke-20 ===
{{main|Eurokomunisme|Revolusi Nikaragua|Pembubaran Uni Soviet|Sejarah Republik Rakyat Tiongkok (1976–89)|Jalan Ketiga|Sejarah
== Politik sosialis kontemporer ==
=== Afrika ===
{{see also|Sosialisme Afrika}}
=== Amerika Utara ===
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=== Oseania ===
{{See also|Sosialisme di Australia|Sosialisme di Selandia Baru|Sosialisme
=== Sosialisme internasional ===
{{main|Progressive Alliance}}
== Teori
Pemikiran sosialis awal mengambil pengaruh dari beragam filsafat seperti [[republikanisme]] sipil, [[rasionalisme]] [[Abad Pencerahan|Pencerahan]], [[romantisisme]], bentuk-bentuk [[materialisme]], [[Kekristenan]] (baik Katolik dan Protestan), [[hukum alam]], [[hukum alam]] dan [[Hak kodrati dan hak ikhtiyari|teori hak-hak kodrati]], [[utilitarianisme]], dan ekonomi politik [[Liberalisme|liberal]].<ref>Andrew Vincent. Modern political ideologies. Wiley-Blackwell publishing. 2010. pp. 87–88</ref> Dasar filsafat lain bagi banyak sosialisme awal adalah munculnya [[positivisme]] selama [[Pencerahan Eropa]]. Positivisme berpendapat bahwa baik dunia alam dan sosial dapat dipahami melalui pengetahuan ilmiah dan dianalisis menggunakan metode ilmiah. Pandangan inti ini mempengaruhi ilmuan sosial awal seperti [[Peter Kropotkin]] sampai teknokrat seperti [[Comte de Claude Henri de Rouvray Saint-Simon|Henri de Saint-Simon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://science.jrank.org/pages/11291/Socialism-Socialism-during-its-Mature-Phase.html |title=Socialism during its "mature phase" |year=2013 |publisher=Science Encyclopedia}}</ref>
[[Berkas:Claude Henri de Saint-Simon.jpg|jmpl|ki|lurus|[[Comte de Claude Henri de Rouvray Saint-Simon]], sosialis Prancis awal]]
Tujuan fundamental sosialisme adalah untuk mencapai tingkat lanjut dari produksi material; dan oleh karenanya produktivitas, efisiensi dan rasionalitas yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan kapitalisme dan semua sistem sebelumnya; di bawah pandangan bahwa perluasan kemampuan produktif manusia adalah dasar bagi perluasan kebebasan dan kesetaraan di dalam masyarakat.<ref>''Socialism and the Market: The Socialist Calculation Debate Revisited''. Routledge Library of 20th Century Economics, 2000. p. 12. {{ISBN|978-0-415-19586-7}}.</ref> Banyak bentuk teori sosialis berpendapat bahwa perilaku manusia sebagian besar dibentuk oleh lingkungan sosial. Khususnya, sosialisme berpendapat bahwa [[adat istiadat]], nilai-nilai, sifat-sifat kultural dan praktik ekonomi adalah ciptaan sosial dan bukan hasil dari hukum alam yang kekal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Claessens |first=August |title=The logic of socialism |publisher=Kessinger Publishing, LLC |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-104-23840-7 |page=15 |quote=The individual is largely a product of his environment and much of his conduct and behavior is the reflex of getting a living in a particular stage of society.}}</ref><ref>Ferri, Enrico, "Socialism and Modern Science", in ''Evolution and Socialism'' (1912), p. 79:<blockquote> Upon what point are orthodox political economy and socialism in absolute conflict? Political economy has held and holds that the economic laws governing the production and distribution of wealth which it has established are natural laws ... not in the sense that they are laws naturally determined by the condition of the social organism (which would be correct), but that they are absolute laws, that is to say that they apply to humanity at all times and in all places, and consequently, that they are immutable in their principal points, though they may be subject to modification in details. Scientific socialism holds, the contrary, that the laws established by classical political economy, since the time of Adam Smith, are laws peculiar to the present period in the history of civilized humanity, and that they are, consequently, laws essentially relative to the period of their analysis and discovery.</blockquote></ref> Objek kritiknya oleh karena itu bukanlah keserakahan atau kesadaran manusia, tapi kondisi material dan sistem sosial buatan manusia (yaitu struktur ekonomi masyarakat) yang memunculkan masalah sosial dan inefisiensi. [[Bertrand Russell]], yang sering kali dianggap sebagai bapak filsafat analitik, diidentifikasi sebagai sosialis. Russell menentang aspek perjuangan kelas Marxisme, memandang sosialisme semata-mata sebagai penyesuaian relasi ekonomi untuk mengakomodasi produksi mesin modern demi keuntungan seluruh umat manusia melalui pengurangan progresif waktu kerja yang diperlukan.<ref>{{cite web |last=Russell |first=Bertrand |url=http://www.zpub.com/notes/idle.html |title=In Praise of Idleness |year=1932}}</ref>
Kaum sosialis memadang kreativitas sebagai aspek esensial dari sifat manusia dan mendefinisikan kebebasan sebagai keadaan di mana individu dapat mengekspresikan kreativitas mereka tanpa hambatan baik dari kelangkaan materi atau institusi sosial yang koersif.<ref>Bhargava. ''Political Theory: An Introduction''. Pearson Education India, 2008. p. 249.</ref> Konsep sosialis atas individualitas dengan demikian terkait dengan konsep ekspresi kreatif individu. Karl Marx percaya bahwa perluasan tenaga produktif dan teknologi adalah dasar bagi perluasan kebebasan manusia; dan bahwa sosialisme sebagai sistem yang konsisten dengan pengembangan teknologi modern, dapat memungkinkan berkembangnya "individualitas bebas" melalui pengurangan progresif waktu kerja yang diperlukan. Pengurangan waktu kerja yang diperlukan sampai minimal akan memberikan individu kesempatan untuk mengejar pengembangan kepribadian dan kreativitas mereka yang sebenarnya.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marx |first=Karl |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch14.htm |title=The Grundrisse |year=1857–1861|quote=The free development of individualities, and hence not the reduction of necessary labour time so as to posit surplus labour, but rather the general reduction of the necessary labour of society to a minimum, which then corresponds to the artistic, scientific etc. development of the individuals in the time set free, and with the means created, for all of them.}}</ref>{{clear}}
=== Kritik terhadap kapitalisme ===
{{main|Kritik terhadap kapitalisme}}
=== Marxisme ===
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{{main|Ekonomi sosialis}}
{{see also|Produksi untuk penggunaan}}
Ekonomi sosialis bermula pada premis bahwa "setiap individu tidak hidup atau bekerja dalam kesendirian tetapi bekerja sama dengan yang lainnya. Selanjutnya, semua yang dihasilkan individu dalam beberapa arti merupakan produk sosial, dan setiap orang yang berkontribusi pada produksi barang berhak mendapat bagian di dalamnya. Masyarakat sebagai keseluruhan, selanjutnya, harus memiliki atau setidaknya mengontrol properti tersebut untuk kepentingan semua anggotanya.<ref name="ReferenceB">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/551569/socialism "Socialism"] at ''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]''</ref>
Konsepsi asli sosialisme adalah sistem ekonomi yang produksinya diatur secara langsung menghasilkan barang dan jasa untuk kegunaan mereka (atau nilai-guna dalam ekonomi klasik dan Marxian): alokasi langsung sumber daya dalam istilah unit fisik yang bertentangan dengan perhitungan finansial dan hukum ekonomi kapitalisme (lihat [[hukum nilai]]), sering melibatkan kategori terakhir ekonomi kapitalistik seperti [[Penyewaan|sewa]], [[Suku bunga|bunga]], [[laba]], dan uang.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bockman |first=Johanna |title=Markets in the name of Socialism: The Left-Wing origins of Neoliberalism |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8047-7566-3 |page=20 |quote=According to nineteenth-century socialist views, socialism would function without capitalist economic categories – such as money, prices, interest, profits and rent – and thus would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science. While some socialists recognised the need for money and prices at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism, socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilise the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money.}}</ref> Dalam ekonomi sosialis yang berkembang sepenuhnya, produksi dan penyeimbangan masukan dan keluaran faktor menjadi proses teknis yang harus dilakukan oleh para insinyur.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gregory and Stuart |first=Paul and Robert |title=Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century, Seventh Edition: "Socialist Economy" |publisher=George Hoffman |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-618-26181-9 |page=117 |quote=In such a setting, information problems are not serious, and engineers rather than economists can resolve the issue of factor proportions.}}</ref>
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== Politik ==
[[Berkas:Socialists in Union Square, N.Y.C..jpg|jmpl|
Gerakan politik sosialis utama dijabarkan di bawah ini. Teoretikus sosialis independen, penulis [[sosialis
Ada banyak variasi sosialisme dan oleh karena itu tidak ada definisi tunggal yang merangkum semua sosialisme. Namun, ada elemen umum yang diidentifikasi oleh para sarjana.<ref>{{harvnb|Lamb|Docherty|2006|pp=1–3}}</ref> Dalam ''Dictionary of Socialism'' (1924), Angelo S. Rappoport menganalisa empat puluh definisi sosialisme dan menyimpulkan bahwa elemen umum sosialisme termasuk pada: kritik umum terhadap efek sosial dari [[kepemilikan pribadi]] dan kontrol atas kapital—sebagai penyebab kemiskinan, upah rendah, pengangguran, ketimpangan ekonomi dan sosial serta kurangnya keamanan ekonomi; pandangan umum bahwa solusi untuk permasalahan tersebut adalah suatu bentuk kontrol kolektif atas [[alat produksi]], [[Distribusi (ekonomi)|distribusi]], dan [[Alat tukar|pertukaran]] (tingkat dan cara kontrol bervariasi di antara gerakan-gerakan sosialis); persetujuan bahwa keluaran dari kontrol kolektif ini haruslah sebuah masyarakat yang berdasarkan pada [[keadilan sosial]], termasuk kesetaraan sosial, perlindungan ekonomi rakyat dan keharusan penyediaan hidup yang lebih memuaskan bagi orang banyak.<ref>{{harvnb|Lamb|Docherty|2006|pp=1–2}}</ref> Dalam ''The Concepts of Socialism'' (1975), [[Bhikhu Parekh]] mengidentifikasi empat prinsip inti sosialisme dan khususnya masyarakat sosialis: sosialitas, tanggung jawab sosial, kerja sama, dan perencanaan.<ref name="Peter Lamb 2006. p. 2">{{harvnb|Lamb|Docherty|2006|p=2}}</ref> Dalam studi ''Ideologies and Political Theory'' (1996), [[Michael Freeden]] menyatakan bahwa semua sosialis memiliki lima tema: pertama, sosialisme berpendapat bahwa masyarakat lebih dari sekumpulan individu; kedua, kesejahteraan manusia dianggap sebagai tujuan yang diinginkan; ketiga, menganggap manusia secara alami sebagai aktif dan produktif; keempat, memegang keyakinan kesetaraan manusia; kelima, sejarah bersifat progesif dan akan menciptakan perubahan positif dengan syarat bahwa manusia bekerja untuk mencapai perubahan tersebut.<ref name="Peter Lamb 2006. p. 2"/>
=== Anarkisme ===
{{main|Anarkisme}}
[[Berkas:Milicianas CNT-FAI.png|jmpl|200px|Milisi [[Federación Anarquista Ibérica|FAI]] selama [[Revolusi Spanyol 1936|Revolusi Spanyol]] pada 1936]]
Anarkisme adalah [[filsafat politik]] yang menganjurkan [[masyarakat tanpa negara]] yang sering didefinisikan sebagai lembaga sukarela yang [[pemerintahan sendiri|memerintah sendiri]],<ref>"ANARCHISM, a social philosophy that rejects authoritarian government and maintains that voluntary institutions are best suited to express man's natural social tendencies." George Woodcock. "Anarchism" at The Encyclopedia of Philosophy</ref><ref>"In a society developed on these lines, the voluntary associations which already now begin to cover all the fields of human activity would take a still greater extension so as to substitute themselves for the state in all its functions." [http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Petr_Kropotkin___Anarchism__from_the_Encyclopaedia_Britannica.html Peter Kropotkin. "Anarchism" from the Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref><ref>"Anarchism." The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2005. p. 14 "Anarchism is the view that a society without the state, or government, is both possible and desirable."</ref><ref>Sheehan, Sean. Anarchism, London: Reaktion Books Ltd., 2004. p. 85</ref> tetapi beberapa penulis mendefinisikan lembaga yang lebih spesifik berdasarkan [[Asosiasi bebas (komunisme dan anarkisme)|asosiasi bebas]] non-[[hirarkis]].<ref name="iaf-ifa.org"/><ref>"as many anarchists have stressed, it is not government as such that they find objectionable, but the hierarchical forms of government associated with the nation state." Judith Suissa. ''Anarchism and Education: a Philosophical Perspective''. Routledge. New York. 2006. p. 7</ref><ref>"That is why Anarchy, when it works to destroy authority in all its aspects, when it demands the abrogation of laws and the abolition of the mechanism that serves to impose them, when it refuses all hierarchical organisation and preaches free agreement—at the same time strives to maintain and enlarge the precious kernel of social customs without which no human or animal society can exist." [[Peter Kropotkin]]. [http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Petr_Kropotkin__Anarchism__its_philosophy_and_ideal.html Anarchism: its philosophy and ideal]</ref><ref>"anarchists are opposed to irrational (e.g., illegitimate) authority, in other words, hierarchy—hierarchy being the institutionalisation of authority within a society." [http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/The_Anarchist_FAQ_Editorial_Collective__An_Anarchist_FAQ__03_17_.html#toc2 "B.1 Why are anarchists against authority and hierarchy?"] in [[An Anarchist FAQ]]</ref> Anarkisme menganggap [[negara]] tidak diinginkan, tidak perlu atau bahkan berbahaya.<ref name="definition">
{{cite journal |last=Malatesta |first=Errico |title=Towards Anarchism |journal=MAN! |oclc=3930443 |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/malatesta/1930s/xx/toanarchy.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107221404/http://marxists.org/archive/malatesta/1930s/xx/toanarchy.htm |archivedate=7 November 2012 |deadurl=no |authorlink=Errico Malatesta |ref=harv}} {{cite journal |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070514.wxlanarchist14/BNStory/lifeWork/home/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516094548/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070514.wxlanarchist14/BNStory/lifeWork/home |archivedate=16 May 2007 |deadurl=yes |title=Working for The Man |journal=[[The Globe and Mail]] |accessdate=14 April 2008 |last=Agrell |first=Siri |date=14 May 2007 |ref=harv}} {{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9117285 |title=Anarchism |year=2006 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service |accessdate=29 August 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214085638/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9117285 |archivedate=14 December 2006<!--Added by DASHBot-->}} {{cite journal |year=2005 |title=Anarchism |journal=The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |page=14 |quote=Anarchism is the view that a society without the state, or government, is both possible and desirable. |ref=harv}} The following sources cite anarchism as a political philosophy:
{{cite book |last=Mclaughlin |first=Paul |title=Anarchism and Authority |publisher=Ashgate |location=Aldershot |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7546-6196-2 |page=59}} {{cite book |last=Johnston |first=R. |title=The Dictionary of Human Geography |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |location=Cambridge |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-631-20561-6 |page=24}}</ref><ref name=slevin>Slevin, Carl. "Anarchism." ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics''. Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press, 2003.</ref> Sementara antistatisme adalah prinsip utama, beberapa berpendapat<ref>"Anarchists do reject the state, as we will see. But to claim that this central aspect of anarchism is definitive is to sell anarchism short."[https://books.google.com/books?id=kkj5i3CeGbQC ''Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism'' by Paul McLaughlin. AshGate. 2007. p. 28]</ref> bahwa anarkisme melibatkan [[otoritas]] lawan atau [[organisasi hirarkis]] dalam pelaksanaan hubungan manusia, termasuk tapi tidak terbatas pada sistem negara.<ref name="iaf-ifa.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.iaf-ifa.org/principles/english.html |title=IAF principles |publisher=[[International of Anarchist Federations]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105095946/http://www.iaf-ifa.org/principles/english.html |archivedate=5 January 2012 |deadurl=yes |quote=The IAF – IFA fights for : the abolition of all forms of authority whether economical, political, social, religious, cultural or sexual.}}</ref><ref name="auto">"Anarchism, then, really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property; liberation from the shackles and restraint of government. Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations." [[Emma Goldman]]. "What it Really Stands for Anarchy" in ''[[Anarchism and Other Essays]]''.</ref><ref name="Ward 1966">{{cite web |url=http://www.panarchy.org/ward/organization.1966.html |last=Ward |first=Colin |year=1966 |title=Anarchism as a Theory of Organization |accessdate=1 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325081119/http://www.panarchy.org/ward/organization.1966.html |archivedate=25 March 2010<!--Added by DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref name="Brown 2002 106">{{cite book |last=Brown |first=L. Susan |chapter=Anarchism as a Political Philosophy of Existential Individualism: Implications for Feminism |title=The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism and Anarchism |publisher=Black Rose Books Ltd. Publishing |year=2002 |page=106}}</ref><ref>"Authority is defined in terms of the right to exercise social control (as explored in the "sociology of power") and the correlative duty to obey (as explored in the "philosophy of practical reason"). Anarchism is distinguished, philosophically, by its scepticism towards such moral relations—by its questioning of the claims made for such normative power—and, practically, by its challenge to those "authoritative" powers which cannot justify their claims and which are therefore deemed illegitimate or without moral foundation."[https://books.google.com/books?id=kkj5i3CeGbQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism'' by Paul McLaughlin. AshGate. 2007. p. 1]</ref><ref>Individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker defined anarchism as opposition to authority as follows "They found that they must turn either to the right or to the left,—follow either the path of Authority or the path of Liberty. Marx went one way; Warren and Proudhon the other. Thus were born State Socialism and Anarchism ... Authority, takes many shapes, but, broadly speaking, her enemies divide themselves into three classes: first, those who abhor her both as a means and as an end of progress, opposing her openly, avowedly, sincerely, consistently, universally; second, those who profess to believe in her as a means of progress, but who accept her only so far as they think she will subserve their own selfish interests, denying her and her blessings to the rest of the world; third, those who distrust her as a means of progress, believing in her only as an end to be obtained by first trampling upon, violating, and outraging her. These three phases of opposition to Liberty are met in almost every sphere of thought and human activity. Good representatives of the first are seen in the Catholic Church and the Russian autocracy; of the second, in the Protestant Church and the Manchester school of politics and political economy; of the third, in the atheism of Gambetta and the socialism of Karl Marx." [[Benjamin Tucker]]. [http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Benjamin_Tucker__Individual_Liberty.html ''Individual Liberty.'']</ref><ref>Anarchist historian [[George Woodcock]] report of [[Mikhail Bakunin]]'s anti-authoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and non-state forms of authority as follows: "All anarchists deny authority; many of them fight against it." (p. 9) ... Bakunin did not convert the League's central committee to his full program, but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Bern Congress of September 1868, demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State."</ref> Kelompok [[Mutualisme (teori ekonomi)|mutualis]] menganjurkan sosialisme pasar, [[koperasi pekerja]] [[Anarkisme kolektivis|anarkis kolektivis]], dan gaji yang berdasarkan pada jumlah waktu yang dikontribusikan untuk produksi; [[anarko-komunis]] menganjurkan transisi langsung dari kapitalisme menuju [[komunisme libertarian]] dan [[ekonomi hadiah]], serta [[aksi langsung]] pekerja [[Anarko-Sindikalisme|anarko-sindikalis]] dan [[pemogokan umum]].
=== Sosialisme demokratik ===
{{main|Sosialisme demokratik}}
Sosialisme demokratik modern adalah gerakan politik luas yang berupaya untuk mempromosikan cita-cita sosialisme dalam konteks sistem demokrasi. Beberapa sosialis demokrat mendukung [[demokrasi sosial]] sebagai langkah temporer untuk mereformasi sistem saat ini, sementara yang lainnya menolak reformisme demi metode yang lebih revolusioner. Sementara itu, demokrasi sosial modern menekankan program modifikasi legislatif bertahap dari kapitalisme untuk menjadikannya lebih adil dan manusiawi, sementara tujuan akhir teoretis untuk membangun masyarakat sosialis sepenuhnya dilupakan atau didefinisikan ulang dengan cara pro-kapitalis. Kedua gerakan ini mirip dalam terminologi maupun ideologi, meski ada beberapa perbedaan utama.
Perbedaan utama antara demokrasi sosial dan sosialisme demokratik adalah tujuan politik mereka: demokrat sosial kontemporer mendukung [[negara kesejahteraan]] dan [[perundingan bersama]] sebagai sarana untuk "memanusiakan" kapitalisme, sedangkan sosialis demokrat berusaha untuk mengganti kapitalisme dengan sistem ekonomi sosialis, dengan alasan bahwa setiap usaha untuk "memanusiakan" kapitalisme melalui regulasi dan kebijakan kesejahteraan akan merusak pasar dan menciptakan kontradiksi ekonomi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schweickart |first=David |title=Democratic Socialism |website=Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice |year=2006 |url=http://orion.it.luc.edu/~dschwei/demsoc.htm |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617235335/http://orion.it.luc.edu/~dschwei/demsoc.htm |archivedate=17 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }} "Social democrats supported and tried to strengthen the basic institutions of the welfare state—pensions for all, public health care, public education, unemployment insurance. They supported and tried to strengthen the labour movement. The latter, as socialists, argued that capitalism could never be sufficiently humanised, and that trying to suppress the economic contradictions in one area would only see them emerge in a different guise elsewhere. (E.g., if you push unemployment too low, you'll get inflation; if job security is too strong, labour discipline breaks down; etc.)"</ref>
Sosialisme demokratik secara umum merujuk pada setiap gerakan politik yang berupaya untuk membangun ekonomi yang didasarkan pada [[demokrasi ekonomi]] oleh dan untuk kelas pekerja. Sosialisme demokratik sulit untuk didefinisikan dan sekelompok sarjana memiliki definisi yang sangat berbeda untuk istilah tersebut. Beberapa definisi hanya merujuk pada segala bentuk sosialisme yang mengikuti jalan pemilihan umum, [[Reformisme|reformis]] atau evolusioner menuju sosialisme, daripada yang revolusioner.<ref>This definition is captured in this statement by [[Anthony Crosland]], who "argued that the socialisms of the pre-war world (not just that of the [[Marxist]]s, but of the democratic socialists too) were now increasingly irrelevant". {{cite journal |first=Chris |last=Pierson |title=Lost property: What the Third Way lacks |journal=Journal of Political Ideologies |date=June 2005 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=145–63 |doi=10.1080/13569310500097265}} Other texts which use the terms "democratic socialism" in this way include Malcolm Hamilton ''Democratic Socialism in Britain and Sweden'' (St Martin's Press 1989).</ref>
{{quotation|Anda tidak dapat berbicara tentang mengakhiri permukiman kumuh tanpa terlebih dulu mengatakan profit harus disingkirkan darinya. Anda benar-benar merusak dan berurusan dengan hal berbahaya karena Anda mengacaukan orang-orang di sana. Sekarang, ini berarti kita memasuki situasi yang sulit, karena sungguh artinya kita mengatakan bahwa ada yang salah dengan kapitalisme. Harus ada distribusi kekayaan yang lebih baik, dan mungkin Amerika harus bergerak menuju sosialisme demokratik. | [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]], 1966<ref>{{cite book |title=Liberating Visions: Human Fulfillment and Social Justice in African-American Thought |last=Franklin |first=Robert Michael |page=125 |publisher=Fortress Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-8006-2392-0}}</ref><ref>Peter Dreier (20 January 2014). [http://truth-out.org/news/item/21281-martin-luther-king-was-a-radical-not-a-saint Martin Luther King Was a Radical, Not a Saint]. ''[[Truthout]].'' Retrieved 20 January 2014.</ref><ref>Osagyefo Uhuru Sekou (20 January 2014). [http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/1/martin-luther-kingsocialismantiimperialism.html The radical gospel of Martin Luther King]. ''[[Al Jazeera America]].'' Retrieved 20 January 2014.</ref>}}
=== Leninisme dan pendahulunya ===
{{main|Blanquisme|Marxisme–Leninisme}}
[[Blanquisme]] merujuk pada konsepsi revolusi yang umumnya dikaitkan dengan [[Louis Auguste Blanqui]] yang menyatakan bahwa revolusi sosial harus dilakukan oleh kelompok yang relatif kecil yang terdiri dari konspirator yang sangat terorganisir dan tertutup.<ref>[http://www.wisdomsupreme.com/dictionary/blanquism.php WisdomSupreme.com definition of Blanquism], last retrieved 25 April 2007</ref> Setelah merebut kekuasaan, kaum revolusioner kemudian akan menggunakan kekuatan negara untuk memperkenalkan sosialisme. Ini dianggap sebagai semacam "putschisme" tertentu, yakni pandangan bahwa revolusi politik harus dilaksanakan dalam bentuk ''[[putsch]]'' atau ''kudeta''.<ref>[http://www.newyouth.com/archives/theory/glossary/b.html#Blanquism NewYouth.com entry for Blanquism], last retrieved 25 April 2007</ref> [[Rosa Luxemburg]] dan [[Eduard Bernstein]]<ref name="bern">{{cite web |author=Lenin |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/ch06.htm#s2 |title=The State and Revolution |year=1917}}</ref> mengkritik [[Vladimir Lenin]] karena konsepsi revolusinya yang elitis dan pada dasarnya Blanquis.<ref>[[Rosa Luxemburg]] as part of a longer section on Blanquism in her "Organizational Questions of Russian Social Democracy" (later published as "Leninism or Marxism?"), writes: "For Lenin, the difference between the [[Social democracy]] and Blanquism is reduced to the observation that in place of a handful of conspirators we have a class-conscious proletariat. He forgets that this difference implies a complete revision of our ideas on organisation and, therefore, an entirely different conception of centralism and the relations existing between the party and the struggle itself. Blanquism did not count on the [[direct action]] of the working class. It, therefore, did not need to organise the people for the revolution. The people were expected to play their part only at the moment of revolution. Preparation for the revolution concerned only the little group of revolutionists armed for the coup. Indeed, to assure the success of the revolutionary conspiracy, it was considered wiser to keep the mass at some distance from the conspirators.Rosa Luxemburg, [http://www.marx.org/archive/luxemburg/1904/questions-rsd/ch01.htm ''Leninism or Marxism?''], [http://www.marx.org Marx.org], last retrieved 25 April 2007</ref> [[Marxisme–Leninisme]] adalah ideologi politik yang menggabungkan [[Marxisme]] (konsep [[Sosialisme ilmiah|sosialis ilmiah]] yang diteorikan oleh [[Karl Marx]] dan [[Friedrich Engels]]) dan [[Leninisme]] (ekspansi teoretis Marxisme yang mencakup [[anti-imperialisme]], [[sentralisme demokratik]] dan [[Vanguardisme#Partai politik|prinsip pembangunan partai]]).<ref>''Marxism–Leninism''. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company.</ref> Marxisme-Leninisme adalah ideologi resmi [[Partai Komunis Uni Soviet]] dan [[Komunis Internasional]] (1919-1943) dan kemudian menjadi ideologi panduan utama bagi kaum [[Trotskyisme|Trotskyis]], [[Maoisme|Maois]] dan [[Stalinisme|Stalinis]].
=== Sosialisme libertarian ===
{{main|Sosialisme libertarian}}
[[Berkas:Le libertaire 25.png|jmpl|lurus|Jurnal [[Anarkisme|anarkis]] pertama yang menggunakan istilah "[[Libertarianisme|libertarian]]" adalah ''[[Le Libertaire]], Journal du Mouvement Social'', dipublikasikan di Kota New York antara 1858 dan 1861 oleh [[Anarko-komunisme|anarko-komunis]] Prancis, [[Joseph Déjacque]],<ref name="theanarchistlibrary">{{cite web |url=http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/The_Anarchist_FAQ_Editorial_Collective__150_years_of_Libertarian.html |title=150 years of Libertarian |website=theanarchistlibrary.org}}</ref> orang pertama yang tercatat menggambarkan dirinya sebagai "libertarian"<ref name="Dejacque">Joseph Déjacque, [http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/ecrits/lettreapjp.htm De l'être-humain mâle et femelle – Lettre à P.J. Proudhon par Joseph Déjacque] (in French)</ref>]]
Sosialisme libertarian (kadang disebut [[anarkisme sosial]],<ref name="Ostergaard 1991. p. 21">[[Geoffrey Ostergaard|Ostergaard, Geoffrey]]. "Anarchism". ''A Dictionary of Marxist Thought''. Blackwell Publishing, 1991. p. 21.</ref><ref name="Noam Chomsky 2004, p. 739">Chomsky, Noam (2004). ''Language and Politics''. In Otero, Carlos Peregrín. AK Press. p. 739</ref> [[libertarianisme sayap kiri]]<ref>Bookchin, Murray and Janet Biehl. ''The Murray Bookchin Reader''. Cassell, 1997. p. 170 {{ISBN|0-304-33873-7}}</ref><ref>Hicks, Steven V. and Daniel E. Shannon. ''The American journal of economics and sociolology''. Blackwell Pub, 2003. p. 612</ref> dan libertarianisme sosialis)<ref>Miller, Wilbur R. (2012). ''The social history of crime and punishment in America. An encyclopedia.'' 5 vols. London: Sage Publications. p. 1007. {{ISBN|1-4129-8876-4}}. "There exist three major camps in libertarian thought: right-libertarianism, socialist libertarianism, and ..."</ref> adalah kelompok filsafat politik [[Anti-otoritarianisme|anti-otoritarian]]<ref>"It implies a classless and anti-authoritarian (i.e. libertarian) society in which people manage their own affairs" [http://www.infoshop.org/AnarchistFAQSectionI1#sthash.40vnyElp.dpuf I.1 Isn't libertarian socialism an oxymoron?] at [[An Anarchist FAQ]]</ref> di dalam gerakan sosialis yang menolak sosialisme sebagai kepemilikan dan kontrol ekonomi negara yang tersentralisasi,<ref>"unlike other socialists, they tend to see (to various different degrees, depending on the thinker) to be skeptical of centralised state intervention as the solution to capitalist exploitation..." [[Roderick T. Long]]. "Toward a libertarian theory of class." ''Social Philosophy and Policy''. Volume 15. Issue 02. Summer 1998. Pg. 305</ref> termasuk kritik terhadap [[Perbudakan upah|relasi buruh upah]] di tempat kerja,<ref>"Therefore, rather than being an oxymoron, "libertarian socialism" indicates that true socialism must be libertarian and that a libertarian who is not a socialist is a phoney. As true socialists oppose wage labour, they must also oppose the state for the same reasons. Similarly, libertarians must oppose wage labour for the same reasons they must oppose the state." [http://www.infoshop.org/AnarchistFAQSectionI1 "I1. Isn´t libertarian socialism an oxymoron" in [[An Anarchist FAQ]]</ref> serta negara itu sendiri.<ref name=":0">"So, libertarian socialism rejects the idea of state ownership and control of the economy, along with the state as such. Through workers' self-management it proposes to bring an end to authority, exploitation, and hierarchy in production." [http://www.infoshop.org/AnarchistFAQSectionI1 "I1. Isn´t libertarian socialism an oxymoron" in] [[An Anarchist FAQ]]</ref> Sosialisme libertarian menekankan [[manajemen mandiri pekerja]] di tempat kerja<ref name=":0"/> dan [[Desentralisasi#Desentralisasi sosialis libertarian|struktur organisasi politik yang didesentralisasi]],<ref>" ...preferring a system of popular self governance via networks of decentralized, local voluntary, participatory, cooperative associations. [[Roderick T. Long]]. "Toward a libertarian theory of class." ''Social Philosophy and Policy''. Volume 15. Issue 02. Summer 1998. Pg. 305</ref> menyatakan bahwa masyarakat yang didasarkan atas kebebasan dan kesetaraan dapat dicapai melalui penghapusan lembaga [[otoriter]] yang mengontrol [[alat produksi]] tertentu dan mensubordinasikan mayoritas kepada kelas pemilik atau elit politik dan ekonomi.<ref>Mendes, Silva. ''Socialismo Libertário ou Anarchismo'' Vol. 1 (1896): "Society should be free through mankind's spontaneous federative affiliation to life, based on the community of land and tools of the trade; meaning: Anarchy will be equality by abolition of [[private property]] (while retaining respect for [[personal property]]) and [[liberty]] by abolition of [[authority]]".</ref> Sosialis libertarian umumnya menempatkan harapan mereka dengan cara demokrasi langsung yang [[Desentralisasi#Desentralisasi sosialis libertarian|terdesentralisasi]] serta asosiasi [[Federalisme|federasi]] atau [[konfederasi]] seperti seperti [[munisipalisme libertarian]], [[majelis rakyat]], [[serikat pekerja]], dan [[dewan pekerja]].<ref>"...preferring a system of popular self governance via networks of decentralized, local, voluntary, participatory, cooperative associations-sometimes as a complement to and check on state power..."</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rocker |first=Rudolf |title=Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice |page=65 |year=2004 |publisher=[[AK Press]] |isbn=978-1-902593-92-0}}</ref> Terkait dengan hal tersebut, anarko-sindikalis [[Gaston Leval]] menjelaskan: "Oleh karena itu kita meramalkan sebuah Masyarakat di mana semua aktivitas akan dikoordinasikan, sebuah struktur yang pada waktu yang sama memiliki fleksibilitas yang cukup untuk memungkinkan otonomi seluas mungkin bagi kehidupan sosial, atau bagi keberlangsungan setiap penghidupan, dan keterpaduan yang cukup untuk mencegah kekacauan...Dalam masyarakat yang terorganisir dengan baik, semua hal itu harus dicapai secara sistematis melalui federasi yang pararel, disatukan secara vertikal di tingkat tertinggi, membentuk satu organisme besar yang di dalamnya semua fungsi ekonomi akan dilakukan dalam solidaritas dengan yang lain, oleh karenanya akan secara permanen menjaga kohesi yang diperlukan". Semua itu biasanya dilakukan dalam seruan umum untuk relasi manusia yang [[Kebebasan|libertarian]]<ref>"LibSoc share with LibCap an aversion to any interference to freedom of thought, expression or choice of lifestyle." [[Roderick T. Long]]. "Toward a libertarian theory of class." ''Social Philosophy and Policy''. Volume 15. Issue 02. Summer 1998. p 305</ref> dan [[Asosiasi bebas (komunisme dan anarkisme)|sukarela]]<ref>"What is implied by the term 'libertarian socialism'?: The idea that socialism is first and foremost about freedom and therefore about overcoming the domination, repression, and alienation that block the free flow of human creativity, thought, and action...An approach to socialism that incorporates cultural revolution, women's and children's liberation, and the critique and transformation of daily life, as well as the more traditional concerns of socialist politics. A politics that is completely revolutionary because it seeks to transform all of reality. We do not think that capturing the economy and the state lead automatically to the transformation of the rest of social being, nor do we equate liberation with changing our life-styles and our heads. Capitalism is a total system that invades all areas of life: socialism must be the overcoming of capitalist reality in its entirety, or it is nothing." "What is Libertarian Socialism?" by Ulli Diemer. Volume 2, Number 1 (Summer 1997 issue) of ''The Red Menace''.</ref> melalui identifikasi, kritik dan pembongkaran praktis dari otoritas tidak sah di semua aspek kehidupan manusia.{{refn|<ref name="iaf-ifa.org"/><ref name="auto"/><ref name="Ward 1966"/><ref name="Brown 2002 106"/><ref>{{cite web |title=The Soviet Union Versus Socialism |url=http://chomsky.info/1986____/ |website=chomsky.info |accessdate=22 November 2015 |quote=Libertarian socialism, furthermore, does not limit its aims to democratic control by producers over production, but seeks to abolish all forms of domination and hierarchy in every aspect of social and personal life, an unending struggle, since progress in achieving a more just society will lead to new insight and understanding of forms of oppression that may be concealed in traditional practice and consciousness.}}</ref><ref>"Authority is defined in terms of the right to exercise social control (as explored in the "sociology of power") and the correlative duty to obey (as explred in the "philosophy of practical reason"). Anarchism is distinguished, philosophically, by its scepticism towards such moral relations—by its questioning of the claims made for such normative power—and, practically, by its challenge to those "authoritative" powers which cannot justify their claims and which are therefore deemed illegitimate or without moral foundation. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=kkj5i3CeGbQC ''Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism'' by Paul McLaughlin. AshGate. 2007. p. 1]</ref><ref>Individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker defined anarchism as opposition to authority as follows "They found that they must turn either to the right or to the left,—follow either the path of Authority or the path of Liberty. Marx went one way; Warren and Proudhon the other. Thus were born State Socialism and Anarchism...Authority, takes many shapes, but, broadly speaking, her enemies divide themselves into three classes: first, those who abhor her both as a means and as an end of progress, opposing her openly, avowedly, sincerely, consistently, universally; second, those who profess to believe in her as a means of progress, but who accept her only so far as they think she will subserve their own selfish interests, denying her and her blessings to the rest of the world; third, those who distrust her as a means of progress, believing in her only as an end to be obtained by first trampling upon, violating, and outraging her. These three phases of opposition to Liberty are met in almost every sphere of thought and human activity. Good representatives of the first are seen in the Catholic Church and the Russian autocracy; of the second, in the Protestant Church and the Manchester school of politics and political economy; of the third, in the atheism of Gambetta and the socialism of Karl Marx." [[Benjamin Tucker]]. [http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Benjamin_Tucker__Individual_Liberty.html ''Individual Liberty.'']</ref><ref>Anarchist historian [[George Woodcock]] report of [[Mikhail Bakunin]]'s anti-authoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and non-state forms of authority as follows: "All anarchists deny authority; many of them fight against it." (p. 9)...Bakunin did not convert the League's central committee to his full program, but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Bern Congress of September 1868, demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State."</ref>}} Dengan demikian, sosialisme libertarian dalam gerakan sosialis yang lebih luas berusaha untuk membedakan dirinya dengan [[Leninisme]]/[[Bolsheviks|Bolshevisme]] dan [[demokrasi sosial]].<ref>"It is forgotten that the early defenders of commercial society like [[Adam Smith|(Adam) Smith]] were as much concerned with criticising the associational blocks to mobile labour represented by [[guilds]] as they were to the activities of the state. The [[History of socialism|history of socialist thought]] includes a long associational and anti-statist tradition prior to the political victory of the [[Bolshevism]] in the east and varieties of [[Fabianism]] in the west. John O´Neil." ''The Market: Ethics, knowledge and politics''. Routledge. 1998. p. 3</ref>
Filsafat dan gerakan politik di masa lalu dan sekarang yang umumnya digambarkan sebagai sosialis libertarian termasuk di antaranya: [[anarkisme]] (khususnya [[komunisme anarkis]], [[Anarkisme kolektivis|kolektivisme anarkis]], [[anarko-sindikalisme]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Sims |first=Franwa |title=The Anacostia Diaries As It Is |page=160 |year=2006 |publisher=Lulu Press}}</ref> dan [[Mutualisme (teori ekonomi)|mutualisme]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mutualist.org/id32.html |title=A.4. Are Mutalists Socialists? |website=mutualist.org |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609075437/http://www.mutualist.org/id32.html |archivedate=9 June 2009 |df=}}</ref> serta [[otonomisme]], [[komunalisme]], [[partisipisme]], [[sindikalisme revolusioner]] dan filosofi [[Marxisme libertarian|Marxis libertarian]] seperti [[komunisme dewan]] dan [[Luxemburgisme]];<ref name="Graham-2005">Murray Bookchin, ''Ghost of Anarcho-Syndicalism''; [[Robert Graham (historian)|Robert Graham]], ''The General Idea of Proudhon's Revolution''</ref> serta beberapa versi [[sosialisme utopis]]<ref>Kent Bromley, in his preface to [[Peter Kropotkin]]'s book ''[[The Conquest of Bread]]'', considered early French utopian socialist [[Charles Fourier]] to be the founder of the libertarian branch of socialist thought, as opposed to the authoritarian socialist ideas of [[François-Noël Babeuf|Babeuf]] and [[Philippe Buonarroti|Buonarroti]]." [[Peter Kropotkin|Kropotkin, Peter]]. ''The Conquest of Bread'', preface by Kent Bromley, New York and London, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1906.</ref> dan [[anarkisme individualis]].<ref>"[[Benjamin Tucker|(Benjamin) Tucker]] referred to himself many times as a socialist and considered his philosophy to be "Anarchistic socialism." ''[[An Anarchist FAQ]]'' by Various Authors</ref><ref>French individualist anarchist [[Émile Armand]] shows clearly opposition to capitalism and centralised economies when he said that the individualist anarchist "inwardly he remains refractory—fatally refractory—morally, intellectually, economically (The capitalist economy and the directed economy, the speculators and the fabricators of single are equally repugnant to him.)"[http://www.spaz.org/~dan/individualist-anarchist/library/emile-armand/life-activity.html "Anarchist Individualism as a Life and Activity" by Emile Armand]</ref><ref>Anarchist Peter Sabatini reports that in the United States "of early to mid-19th century, there appeared an array of communal and "utopian" counterculture groups (including the so-called [[free love]] movement). [[William Godwin]]'s anarchism exerted an ideological influence on some of this, but more so the socialism of [[Robert Owen]] and [[Charles Fourier]]. After success of his British venture, Owen himself established a cooperative community within the United States at [[New Harmony, Indiana]] during 1825. One member of this commune was [[Josiah Warren]] (1798–1874), considered to be the first [[individualist anarchist]]"[http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Peter_Sabatini__Libertarianism__Bogus_Anarchy.html Peter Sabatini. "Libertarianism: Bogus Anarchy"]</ref>
=== Sosialisme religius ===
{{main|Sosialisme religius}}
[[Sosialisme Kristen]] adalah konsep luas yang melibatkan jalinan antara agama Kristen dengan teori politik dan ekonomi sosialisme.
[[Sosialisme Islam]] adalah istilah yang diciptakan oleh berbagai pemimpin [[Muslim]] untuk menggambarkan bentuk sosialisme yang lebih [[Spiritualitas|spiritual]]. Kaum sosialis Muslim percaya bahwa ajaran [[Al-Qur'an]] dan Nabi [[Muhammad]] sejalan dengan pinsip [[Kesetaraan sosial|kesetaraan]] dan [[kepemilikan publik]] yang terinspirasi dari negara kesejahteraan [[Madinah]] awal yang didirikan oleh Nabi Muhammad. Sosialis Muslim lebih konservatif dibandingkan kelompok kontemporer Barat, serta menemukan akarnya dalam [[anti-imperialisme]], [[antikolonialisme]] dan [[nasionalisme Arab]]. Pemimpin sosialis Islam percaya pada demokrasi dan mendapatkan legitimasi [[Mandat (politik)|mandat]] dari publik, bertentangan dengan ayat-ayat religius.
=== Demokrasi sosial dan sosialisme liberal ===
{{main|Demokrasi sosial|Sosialisme liberal}}
Demokrasi sosial adalah ideologi politik yang "berasal dari tradisi pemikiran politik sosialis. Banyak demokrat sosial menyebut dirinya sebagai sosialis atau sosialis demokrat, dan beberapa lainnya, seperti [[Tony Blair]], menggunakan istilah tersebut secara bergantian.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=q07jeo_wrk4C&pg=PA86|title=Social Democratic System|last=Raza|first=Syed Ali|publisher=Global Peace Trust|year=|isbn=978-969-9757-00-6|location=|page=86|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=Ai2BDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91|title=The New Progressive Dilemma: Australia and Tony Blair's Legacy|last=O'Reilly|first=David|date=2007-04-12|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-62547-1|location=|page=91|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/17/magazine/america-can-never-sort-out-whether-socialism-is-marginal-or-rising.html|title=America Can Never Sort Out Whether ‘Socialism’ Is Marginal or Rising|last=Gage|first=Beverly|date=July 17, 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-09-17|language=en}}</ref> Yang lainnya berpendapat bahwa ada perbedaan yang jelas antara ketiga istilah tersebut, dan lebih suka menggambarkan kepercayaan politiknya dengan istilah ‘demokrasi sosial’ saja.<ref>Nik Brandal, Øivind Bratberg, Dag Einar Thorsen. ''The Nordic Model of Social Democracy'' (2013). Pallgrave MacMillan. p. 7. {{ISBN|1-137-01326-5}}</ref> Ada dua arus utama, baik untuk membangun [[sosialisme demokratik]], atau membangun negara kesejahteraan di dalam kerangka sistem kapitalis. Varian pertama secara resmi memiliki tujuan untuk membangun [[sosialisme demokratik]] melalui metode [[Reformisme|reformis]] dan [[Gradualisme|gradualis]].<ref name="Busky8">{{Cite journal |first=Donald F. |last=Busky |title=Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey |place=Westport, Connecticut, USA |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. |year=2000 |page=8 |quote=The Frankfurt Declaration of the Socialist International, which almost all social democratic parties are members of, declares the goal of the development of democratic socialism |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref> Pada varian kedua, demokrasi sosial menjadi rezim kebijakan yang melibatkan [[negara kesejahteraan]], skema [[perundingan bersama]], dukungan terhadap pelayanan publik yang dibiayai publik, serta ekonomi berbasis kapitalis seperti [[ekonomi campuran]]. Sistem ini sering digunakan untuk merujuk pada model sosial dan kebijakan ekonomi yang menonjol di Eropa Barat dan Utara selama paruh kedua abad ke-20.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sejersted and Adams and Daly |first=Francis and Madeleine and Richard |title=The Age of Social Democracy: Norway and Sweden in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-691-14774-1}}</ref><ref name="Foundations of social democracy, 2009">''Foundations of social democracy'', 2004. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, p. 8, November 2009.</ref> Sistem ini juga digambarkan oleh [[Jerry Mander]] sebagai ekonomi "hibrida", sebuah kolaborasi aktif antara visi kapitalis dan sosialis. Meski sistem tersebut tidak sempurna, mereka cenderung memberikan standar hidup yang tinggi.<ref>[[Jerry Mander]] (24 July 2013). [http://www.alternet.org/books/there-are-good-alternatives-us-capitalism-no-way-get-there?page=0%2C2 "There Are Good Alternatives to US Capitalism, But No Way to Get There."] ''[[Alternet]].'' Retrieved 12 August 2013.</ref> Sejumlah penelitian dan survey menunjukkan bahwa orang-orang cenderung hidup lebih bahagia di masyarakat [[demokrat sosial]] dibandingkan yang neoliberal.<ref>Andrew Brown (12 September 2014). [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/12/europe-happiest-progressives-conservatives-social-democracies-wellbeing-poll Who are Europe's happiest people – progressives or conservatives?] ''[[The Guardian]].'' Retrieved 20 October 2014.</ref><ref>Richard Eskow (15 October 2014). [http://ourfuture.org/20141015/new-study-finds-big-government-makes-people-happy-free-markets-dont New Study Finds Big Government Makes People Happy, "Free Markets" Don’t]. ourfuture.org. Retrieved 20 October 2014.</ref><ref>[[Benjamin Radcliff]] (25 September 2013). [http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/25/opinion/radcliff-politics-of-happiness/ Western nations with social safety net happier]. ''[[CNN]].'' Retrieved 20 October 2014.</ref><ref>Craig Brown (11 May 2009). [http://www.commondreams.org/further/2009/05/11/worlds-happiest-countries-social-democracies World's Happiest Countries? Social Democracies]. [[Commondreams]]. Retrieved 20 October 2014.</ref>
[[Berkas:Bernstein Eduard 1895.jpg|jmpl|lurus|ki|[[Eduard Bernstein]]]]
Demokrat sosial mendukung varian pertama, menganjurkan transisi evolusioner ekonomi kapitalisme secara damai ke sosialisme melalui reformasi sosial secara [[Progresivisme|progresif]].<ref name=EB>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/551073/social-democracy |title=Social democracy |publisher=Britannica.com |accessdate=12 October 2013}}</ref><ref>Michael Newman. Socialism: A Very Short Introduction. Cornwall, England, UK: Oxford University Press, 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kN8llUabGh8C&pg=PT74&dq=%22committed+to+the+goal+of+progressive+social+reform%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6xAlUYbjMJCqqAHLhYHABw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA]</ref> Demokrat sosial menegaskan bahwa bentuk konstitusional pemerintahan yang dapat diterima adalah [[demokrasi perwakilan]] di bawah [[aturan hukum]].<ref name="Thomas Meyer 2007. p. 91">Thomas Meyer. ''The Theory of Social Democracy''. Cambridge, England, UK: Polity Press, 2007. p. 91.</ref> Sistem ini mendorong perluasan penentuan kebijakan secara demokratis selain demokrasi politik, yaitu [[demokrasi ekonomi]] untuk menjamin pekerja dan pemangku kepentingan ekonomi lain atas hak [[kodeterminasi]].<ref name="Thomas Meyer 2007. p. 91"/> Sistem ini juga mendukung [[ekonomi campuran]] yang menentang ekses kapitalisme seperti [[Kesenjangan sosial|kesenjangan]], kemiskinan, dan [[penindasan]] berbagai golongan, serta menolak [[Ekonomi pasar bebas|pasar bebas]] secara total atau [[ekonomi terencana]] secara penuh.<ref>Front Cover Ira C. Colby, Catherine N. Dulmus, Karen M. Sowers. Connecting Social Welfare Policy to Fields of Practice. John Wiley & Sons, 2012. p. 29.</ref> Kebijakan demokrasi sosial yang umum di antaranya termasuk dukungan terhadap hak sosial universal untuk memperoleh [[pelayanan publik]] yang dapat diakses secara universal, seperti [[Pendidikan universal|pendidikan]], [[Pelayanan kesehatan universal|pelayanan kesehatan]], [[kompensasi pekerja]], dan layanan lainnya, termasuk [[pelayanan anak]] dan pelayanan untuk manula.<ref>Thomas Meyer, Lewis P. Hinchman. ''The theory of social democracy''. Cambridge, England, UK; Malden, Massachusetts, USA: Polity Press, 2007. p. 137.</ref> Demokrasi sosial berhubungan dengan [[gerakan buruh]] dan mendukung [[Perundingan kolektif|hak perundingan kolektif]] bagi pekerja.<ref>Martin Upchurch, Graham John Taylor, Andy Mathers. ''The crisis of social democratic trade unionism in Western Europe: the search for alternatives''. Surrey, England, UK; Burlington, Vermont, USA: Ashgate Publishing, 2009. p. 51.</ref> Sebagian besar partai demokrasi sosial berafilisasi dengan [[Sosialis Internasional]].<ref name="Busky8"/>
Sosialisme liberal adalah [[filsafat politik]] sosialis yang memasukkan prinsip [[Liberalisme|liberal]] di dalamnya.<ref name="Gerald F. Gaus 2004. Pp. 420">Gerald F. Gaus, Chandran Kukathas. Handbook of political theory. London, England, UK; Thousand Oaks, California, USA; New Delhi, India: SAGE Publications, 2004. Pp. 420.</ref> Sosialisme liberal tidak memiliki tujuan untuk menggantikan [[kapitalisme]] dengan [[ekonomi sosialis]];<ref name="Adams1998">{{cite book |last=Adams |first=Ian |title=Ideology and Politics in Britain Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7t714alm68C&pg=PA127|accessdate=1 August 2013|year=1998|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-5056-5|pages=127–}}</ref> tetapi mendukung [[ekonomi campuran]] yang mencakup [[properti publik]] dan [[properti pribadi|pribadi]] dalam barang modal.<ref name="Stanislao G. Pugliese 1999. Pp. 99">Stanislao G. Pugliese. ''Carlo Rosselli: socialist heretic and antifascist exile''. Harvard University Press, 1999. Pp. 99.</ref><ref name="Noel W. Thompson 2006. Pp. 60-61">Noel W. Thompson. ''Political economy and the Labour Party: the economics of democratic socialism, 1884-2005''. 2nd edition. Oxon, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2006. Pp. 60-61.</ref> Meski sosialisme liberal secara tegas memilih ekonomi pasar campuran, sistem ini menyatakan bahwa monopoli legalistik dan buatan adalah kesalahan [[kapitalisme]]<ref>Roland Willey Bartlett, Roland Willey Bartlett. The success of modern private enterprise. Interstate Printers & Publishers, 1970. Pp. 32. "Liberal socialism, for example, is unequivocally in favour of the free market economy and of freedom of action for the individual and recognizes in legalistic and artificial monopolies the real evils of capitalism."</ref> dan menentang ekonomi yang sepenuhnya tidak diregulasi.<ref name= ref72>Steve Bastow, James Martin. Third way discourse: European ideologies in the twentieth century. Edinburgh, Scotland, UK: Edinburgh University Press, Ltd, 2003. Pp. 72.</ref> Sistem ini mempertimbangkan [[kemerdekaan]] dan [[kesetaraan sosial|kesetaraan]] agar dapat kompatibel dan bergantung satu sama lain.<ref name="Gerald F. Gaus 2004. Pp. 420"/> Prinsip yang menjelaskan "sosialis liberal" telah didasarkan atau dikembangkan oleh filsuf berikut ini: [[John Stuart Mill]], [[Eduard Bernstein]], [[John Dewey]], [[Carlo Rosselli]], [[Norberto Bobbio]], dan [[Chantal Mouffe]].<ref>Nadia Urbinati. ''J.S. Mill's political thought: a bicentennial reassessment''. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007 Pp. 101.</ref> Tokoh sosialis liberal penting lainnya antara lain Guido Calogero, [[Piero Gobetti]], [[Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse]], [[John Maynard Keynes]], dan [[R. H. Tawney]].<ref name= ref72/> Sosialisme liberal secara khusus terkenal di politik Britania dan Italia.<ref name= ref72 />
=== Sosialisme dan gerakan sosial progresif modern ===
{{further|Feminisme sosialis|Sosialisme dan hak LGBT|Ekososialisme|Anarko-feminisme|Anarkisme hijau|Anarkisme queer}}
[[Berkas:Zetkin luxemburg1910.jpg|jmpl|lurus|[[Feminisme sosialis|Feminis sosialis]] [[Clara Zetkin]] dan Rosa Luxemburg pada 1910]]
[[Feminisme sosialis]] adalah cabang [[feminisme]] yang berfokus pada ranah publik dan privat kehidupan perempuan, serta berpendapat bahwa [[Pembebasan perempuan|pembebasan]] hanya dapat dicapai dengan berupaya untuk mengakhiri sumber ekonomi dan [[budaya|kultural]] dari penindasan perempuan.<ref>[http://www.feministezine.com/feminist/modern/Socialist-Feminism.html What is Socialist Feminism?], retrieved on 28 May 2007.</ref> Fondasi [[feminisme Marxis]] diletakkan oleh [[Friedrich Engels]] dalam analisanya mengenai penindasan gender di ''[[The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State]]'' (1884). Karya [[August Bebel]], ''Woman under Socialism'' (1879), "karya tunggal terkait seksualitas yang paling banyak dibaca oleh petinggi dan anggota [[Partai Demokrat Sosial Jerman]] (SPD)".<ref>''Journal of Homosexuality'', 1995, Volume 29, Issue 2/3. {{ISSN|0091-8369}} – Simultaneously published as: Gay men and the sexual history of the political left, [[Gert Hekma]] et al. Eds. Harrington Park Press 1995, {{ISBN|1-56023-067-3}}. p. 14</ref> Pada akhir abad ke-19 dan awal ke-20, [[Clara Zetkin]] dan [[Eleanor Marx]] menentang [[demonisasi]] laki-laki dan mendukung revolusi [[proletariat]] yang akan mengatasi sebanyak mungkin ketidaksetaraan antara laki-laki dan perempuan.<ref name=Stokes>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=John |title=Eleanor Marx (1855–1898): Life, Work, Contacts |year=2000 |publisher=Ashgate |location=Aldershot |isbn=978-0-7546-0113-5}}</ref> Karena gerakan mereka sudah memiliki tuntutan paling radikal dalam kesetaraan perempuan, sebagian besar pemimpin Marxis, termasuk Clara Zetkin<ref>Zetkin, Clara, [http://www.marxists.org/archive/draper/1976/women/3-zetkin.html ''On a Bourgeois Feminist Petition''] (1895).</ref><ref>Zetkin, Clara, [http://www.marxists.org/archive/zetkin/1920/lenin/zetkin1.htm ''Lenin On the Women's Question''].</ref> dan [[Alexandra Kollontai]],<ref>Kollontai, Alexandra, [http://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1909/social-basis.htm ''The Social Basis of the Woman Question''] (1909).</ref><ref>Kollontai, Alexandra, [http://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1919/women-workers/ch01.htm ''Women Workers Struggle For Their Rights''] (1919).</ref> mempertentangkan Marxisme melawan [[feminisme liberal]] dibandingkan dengan mencoba menggabungkan keduanya. [[Anarko-feminisme]] dimulai pada akhir abad ke-19 dan awal ke-20 oleh penulis dan teoretikus seperti feminis anarkis [[Emma Goldman]] dan [[Voltairine de Cleyre]].<ref>Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne (ed.). ''Quiet Rumours: An Anarcha-Feminist Reader'', Dark Star: 2002. {{ISBN|978-1-902593-40-1}}. p. 9.</ref> Dalam [[Perang Saudara Spanyol]], kelompok anarko-feminis, {{lang|es|[[Mujeres Libres]]}} ("Perempuan Bebas") terkait dengan {{lang|es|[[Federación Anarquista Ibérica]]}}, diorganisir untuk mempertahankan gagasan anarkis dan feminis.<ref>Ackelsberg, Martha A. Free Women of Spain: Anarchism and the Struggle for the Emancipation of Women, AK Press, 2005. {{ISBN|978-1-902593-96-8}}.</ref> Pada 1972, [[Chicago Women's Liberation Union]] menerbitkan "Socialist Feminism: A Strategy for the Women's Movement", yang diyakini sebagai publikasi pertama yang menggunakan istilah "feminisme sosialis".<ref name="CWLUOver">{{cite web |author1=Margeret "Peg" Strobel |author2=Sue Davenport |year=1999 |title=The Chicago Women's Liberation Union: An Introduction |website=The CWLU Herstory Website |publisher=University of Illinois |url=http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUAbout/abdoc1.html |accessdate=25 November 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104090301/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUAbout/abdoc1.html |archivedate=4 November 2011 |df=}}</ref>
[[Berkas:Day, Fred Holland (1864–1933) - Edward Carpenter.jpg|jmpl|ki|lurus|[[Edward Carpenter]], filsuf dan aktivis yang berperan penting dalam pembentukan [[Masyarakat Fabian]] dan [[Partai Buruh (Britania Raya)|Partai Buruh]], serta pada masa awal gerakan [[LGBTI]] Barat]]
Banyak [[Sosialisme dan hak LGBT|sosialis merupakan pendukung awal hak-hak LGBT]]. Bagi sosialis terdahulu, [[Charles Fourier]], kebebasan sejati hanya dapat terjadi tanpa menekan renjana, karena penindasan renjana tidak hanya merusak individu, tapi juga masyarakat secara keseluruhan. Menulis sebelum munculnya istilah "homoseksualitas", Fourier mengakui bahwa baik laki-laki maupun perempuan memiliki berbagai kebutuhan dan preferensi yang luas dan dapat berubah sepanjang hidup mereka, termasuk seksualitas sesama jenis dan ''androgénité''. Dia berpendapat bahwa semua ekspresi seksual harus dinikmati selama tidak ada orang yang dicela, serta "mengiakan perbedaan seseorang" sebenarnya dapat menguatkan integrasi sosial.<ref>[[Charles Fourier]], ''Le Nouveau Monde amoureux'' (written 1816–18, not published widely until 1967: Paris: Éditions Anthropos). pp. 389, 391, 429, 458, 459, 462, and 463.</ref> Dalam karya [[Oscar Wilde]], ''[[The Soul of Man Under Socialism]]'', dengan semangat dia mengadvokasi masyarakat [[Egalitarianisme|egaliter]] di mana semua berbagi kekayaan, sambil memperingatkan bahaya sistem sosial yang menghancurkan individualitas. Politik [[Sosialisme libertarian|sosialis libertarian]] Wilde juga dimiliki oleh tokoh-tokoh lain yang secara aktif mengkampanyekan emansipasi homoseksual pada akhir abad ke-19, seperti [[Edward Carpenter]].<ref>According to his biographer Neil McKenna, Wilde was part of a secret organisation that aimed to legalise homosexuality, and was known among the group as a leader of "the Cause". (McKenna, Neil. 2003. ''The Secret Life of Oscar Wilde''.)</ref> Dia menulis ''[[The Intermediate Sex]]: A Study of Some Transitional Types of Men and Women'' pada 1908, sebuah karya awal yang menganjurkan [[pembebasan gay]].<ref>Flood, M. (2007) International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities, Routledge: Abingdon, p. 315</ref> Dia juga tokoh berpengaruh dalam pembentukan [[Masyarakat Fabian]] dan [[Partai Buruh (UK)|Partai Buruh]]. Setelah [[Revolusi Rusia]] di bawah pimpinan [[Vladimir Lenin]] dan [[Leon Trotsky]], [[Uni Soviet]] menghapuskan undang-undang sebelumnya yang menentang homoseksualitas.<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Russell|title=The Gay 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Gay Men and Lesbians, Past and Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jACXalmJ3nEC|year=2002|publisher=Kensington Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-0-7582-0100-3|page=124}}</ref> [[Harry Hay]] adalah pemimpin awal gerakan [[hak LGBT]] di Amerika, serta sebagai anggota [[Partai Komunis AS]]. Dia dikenal atas perannya dalam membantu mendirikan beberapa organisasi gay, termasuk [[Mattachine Society]], kelompok hak gay pertama yang bertahan di Amerika Serikat, dan pada masa awalnya memiliki pengaruh Marxis yang kuat. ''Encyclopedia of Homosexuality'' melaporkan bahwa "karena Marxis sebagai pendiri kelompok percaya bahwa ketiakadilan dan penindasan yang mereka derita berasal dari hubungan yang tertanam dalam di struktur masyarakat Amerika".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Mattachine.pdf |format=PDF |title=Mattachine Society at Dynes, Wayne R. (ed.) |website=Encyclopedia of Homosexuality}}</ref> Muncul juga dari sejumlah peristiwa, seperti Peristiwa Mei 1968 di Prancis, [[Penentangan terhadap keterlibatan pemerintah AS dalam Perang Vietnam|gerakan anti-Perang Vietnam]], dan [[kerusuhan Stonewall]] pada 1969, organisasi pembebasan gay militan mulai bermunculan di seluruh dunia. Banyak yang melihat akar mereka di radikalisme kiri lebih dari kelompok-kelompok homofilia yang mapan pada saat itu,<ref>[http://www.washblade.com/2004/11-5/news/national/movement.cfm Gay movement boosted by ’79 march on Washington], Lou Chabarro 2004 for the [[Washington Blade]].</ref> meskipun [[Front Pembebasan Gay]] mengambil sikap [[Antikapitalisme|antikapitalis]] dan menyerang peran [[keluarga inti]] dan [[peran gender|gender]] tradisional.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/glf-london.html |title=Gay Liberation Front: Manifesto. London |origyear=1971 |year=1978}}</ref>
[[Ekososialisme]], sosialisme hijau atau ekologi sosialis adalah posisi politik yang menggabungkan aspek [[Marxisme]], sosialisme dan/atau [[sosialisme libertarian]] dengan [[politik hijau]], ekologi dan [[alterglobalisasi]]. Ekososialis umumnya percaya bahwa perluasan sistem kapitalis adalah penyebab [[eksklusi sosial]], kemiskinan, perang, dan [[degradasi lingkungan]] melalui [[globalisasi]] dan [[imperialisme]] di bawah pengawasan [[negara]] dan struktur transnasional yang represif.<ref name="Manifesto">{{cite book |last=Kovel |first=J. |author2=Löwy, M. |title=An ecosocialist manifesto |year=2001}}</ref> Bertentangan dengan penggambaran [[Karl Marx]] oleh beberapa aktivis lingkungan,<ref name=Eckersley>Eckersley, R., ''Environmentalism and Political Theory'', 1992 (Albany, NY: SUNY Press)</ref> [[Ekologi sosial (teori)|ahli ekologi sosial]],<ref name=Clark>Clark, J., ''The Anarchist Moment'', 1984 (Montreal: Black Rose)</ref> dan sesama sosialis<ref name=Benton>Benton, T. (ed.), ''The Greening of Marxism'', 1996 (New York: Guildford)</ref> sebagai [[Produktivisme|produktivis]] yang menyukai dominasi atas alam, ekososialis telah meninjau kembali tulisan Marx dan percaya bahwa dia "adalah pencetus utama pandangan dunia ekologis".<ref name=Kovel>Kovel, J., ''The Enemy of Nature'', 2002</ref> Penulis ekososialis seperti [[John Bellamy Foster]]<ref name=JBF>Foster, J. B., ''Marx's Ecology'', 2000 (New York: Monthly Review Press)</ref> dan Paul Burkett,<ref name=Burkett>Burkett, P., ''Marx and Nature'', 1999 (New York: St. Martin's Press)</ref> menunjukkan diskusi Marx tentang "keretakan metabolis" antara manusia dan alam, pernyataannya bahwa "kepemilikan pribadi atas dunia oleh individu tunggal akan tampak sangat absurd, sama seperti kepemilikan pribadi manusia oleh manusia lainnya" dan pengamatannya bahwa suatu masyarakat "menyerahkan [[planet]] kepada generasi penerus dalam kondisi yang lebih baik".<ref name=Capital3>Marx, K., ''Capital Vol. 3.'', 1894</ref> Sosialis Inggris, [[William Morris]] sebagian besar dihargai atas pengembangan prinsip-prinsip utama dari apa yang kemudian disebut ekososialisme.<ref name=Babylon>Wall, D., ''Babylon and Beyond: The Economics of Anti-Capitalist, Anti-Globalist and Radical Green Movements'', 2005</ref> Selama 1880-an dan 1890-an, Morris mempromosikan gagasan ekososialisnya di dalam [[Federasi Demokrat Sosial]] dan [[Liga Sosialis (Britania Raya, 1885)|Liga Sosialis]].<ref name=GLSite>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenleft.org.uk |title=www.greenleft.org.uk|website=greenleft.org.uk |accessdate=3 April 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405022509/http://www.greenleft.org.uk/ |archivedate=5 April 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Anarkisme hijau]], atau ekoanarkisme, adalah [[Aliran pemikiran anarkis|aliran pemikiran]] di dalam [[anarkisme]] yang menempatkan penekanan khusus pada [[permasalah lingkungan]]. Pengaruh awal penting yaitu pemikiran dari [[Anarkisme|anarkis]] Amerika, [[Henry David Thoreau]] dan bukunya ''[[Walden]]''<ref name="Thoreau">"Su obra más representativa es Walden, aparecida en 1854, aunque redactada entre 1845 y 1847, cuando Thoreau decide instalarse en el aislamiento de una cabaña en el bosque, y vivir en íntimo contacto con la naturaleza, en una vida de soledad y sobriedad. De esta experiencia, su filosofía trata de transmitirnos la idea que resulta necesario un retorno respetuoso a la naturaleza, y que la felicidad es sobre todo fruto de la riqueza interior y de la armonía de los individuos con el entorno natural. Muchos han visto en Thoreau a uno de los precursores del ecologismo y del anarquismo primitivista representado en la actualidad por [[John Zerzan]]. Para George Woodcock, esta actitud puede estar también motivada por una cierta idea de resistencia al progreso y de rechazo al materialismo creciente que caracteriza la sociedad norteamericana de mediados de siglo XIX."[http://www.acracia.org/xdiez.html "La Insumisión voluntaria. El Anarquismo individualista Español durante la Dictadura i la Segunda República (1923–1938)" by Xavier Diez] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060526224800/http://www.acracia.org/xdiez.html |date=26 May 2006 }}</ref> dan [[Élisée Reclus]].<ref name="Reclus1">{{cite web |url=http://www.natustar.com/uk/naturism-begin.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=11 October 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025125935/http://www.natustar.com/uk/naturism-begin.html |archivedate=25 October 2012 |df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/secA3.html#seca33 |title=A.3 What types of anarchism are there? |website=Anarchist Writers}}</ref>
Pada akhir abad ke-19, muncul [[anarko-naturisme]] sebagai perpaduan antara filsafat anarkisme dan [[Naturisme|naturis]] di dalam lingkaran [[Anarkisme individualis|anarkis individualis]] di Prancis, Spanyol, Kuba<ref name="raforum.info">{{cite web |author=RA forum |url=http://raforum.info/spip.php?article3061&lang=fr |title=R.A. Forum > SHAFFER, Kirwin R. Anarchism and countercultural politics in early twentieth-century Cuba |website=raforum.info |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012003926/http://raforum.info/spip.php?article3061&lang=fr |archivedate=12 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> dan Portugal.<ref name="spanishind">[http://www.acracia.org/xdiez.html "La Insumisión voluntaria. El Anarquismo individualista Español durante la Dictadura i la Segunda República (1923–1938)" by Xavier Diez] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060526224800/http://www.acracia.org/xdiez.html |date=26 May 2006 }}</ref> [[Ekologi sosial (teori)|Ekologi sosial]] berkaitan erat dengan karya dan gagasan [[Murray Bookchin]] dan dipengaruhi oleh anarkis [[Peter Kropotkin]]. Buku pertama Bookchin, ''[[Our Synthetic Environment]],'' diterbitkan dengan nama samaran Lewis Herber pada 1962, beberapa bulan sebelum ''[[Silent Spring]]'' karya [[Rachel Carson]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bookchin/bio1.html |title=''A Short Biography of Murray Bookchin'' by Janet Biehl |publisher=Dwardmac.pitzer.edu |accessdate=11 May 2012}}</ref> Esainya yang inovatif, "Ecology and Revolutionary Thought", memperkenalkan ekologi sebagai konsep dalam politik radikal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bookchin/ecologyandrev.html |title=Ecology and Revolution |publisher=Dwardmac.pitzer.edu |date=16 June 2004 |accessdate=11 May 2012}}</ref> Pada 1970-an, [[Barry Commoner]], menyarankan tanggapan sayap kiri terhadap model ''[[Limit to Growth]]'' yang meramalkan bencana [[penipisan sumber daya]] dan mendorong environmentalisme, mendalilkan bahwa teknologi kapitalis terutama bertanggung jawab atas [[degadrasi lingkungan]] dibandingkan [[ledakan populasi]].<ref name=Commoner>Commoner, B., ''The Closing Circle'', 1972</ref> Pada 1990-an, [[Feminisme sosialis|feminis sosialis]] Mary Mellor<ref name=Mellor>Mellor, M., ''Breaking the Boundaries: Towards a Feminist, Green Socialism'', 1992</ref> dan [[Ariel Salleh]]<ref name=Salleh>Saller, A., ''Ecofeminism as Politics: Nature, Marx and the Postmodern'', 1997</ref> menyinggung permasalahan lingkungan di dalam paradigma ekososialis. Dengan meningkatnya profil gerakan [[antiglobalisasi]] di [[Global South]], sebuah "environmentalisme kaum miskin" yang menggabungkan kesadaran ekologis dan [[keadilan sosial]] juga menjadi terkenal.<ref name=Guha>Guha, R. and Martinez-Alier, J., ''Varieties of Environmentalism: Essays North and South'', 1997</ref> Pada 1994, David Pepper juga merilis karya pentingnya, ''Ecosocialism: From Deep Ecology to Social Justice'', yang mengkritik pendekatan saat ini dari banyak kelompok [[politik hijau]], khususnya [[ekologi mendalam]].<ref name=DPepper>Pepper, D., ''Ecosocialism: From Deep Ecology to Social Justice'', 1994</ref> Saat ini, ada banyak [[partai hijau]] di seluruh dunia, seperti [[GroenLinks|Partai Kiri Hijau Belanda]] (GroenLinks), yang melingkupi elemen ekososialis yang kuat. [[Aliansi merah-hijau]] radikal telah terbentuk di banyak negara oleh ekososialis, hijau radikal dan kelompok kiri radikal lainnya. Di [[Denmark]], [[Aliansi Merah-Hijau (Denmark)|Aliansi Merah-Hijau]] dibentuk sebagai koalisi berbagai partai radikal. Di dalam [[Parlemen Eropa]], sejumlah partai kiri jauh dari Eropa Utara mengorganisir diri mereka ke dalam [[Aliansi Kiri Hijau Nordik]].
=== Sindikalisme ===
{{main|Sindikalisme}}
Sindikalisme adalah gerakan sosial yang bekerja melalui serikat pekerja industri dan menolak [[sosialisme negara]] dan penggunaan politik mapan untuk membangun atau mempromosikan sosialisme. Mereka menolak menggunakan kekuasaan negara untuk membangun masyarakat sosialis, lebih mendukung strategi seperti [[pemogokan umum]]. Kaum sindikalis menganjurkan ekonomi sosialis yang didasarkan pada pembuatan federasi serikat atau sindikat pekerja yang memiliki dan mengelola alat-alat produksi. Beberapa aliran Marxis menganjurkan sindikalisme, seperti [[DeLeonisme|De-Leonisme]]. [[Anarko-sindikalisme]] adalah [[Aliran pemikiran anarkis|teori anarkisme]] yang memandang sindikalisme sebagai metode bagi pekerja di [[masyarakat kapitalis]] untuk meraih kontrol ekonomi dan dengan kontrol tersebut dapat mempengaruhi masyarakat yang lebih luas. [[Revolusi Spanyol 1936|Revolusi Spanyol]] sebagian besar didalangi oleh serikat pekerja anarko-sindikalis [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo|CNT]] selama [[Perang Saudara Spanyol]], dan peristiwa tersebut menawarkan contoh sejarah.<ref>[[Sam Dolgoff]]. ''[[The Anarchist Collectives|The Anarchist Collectives Workers' Self-management in the Spanish Revolution 1936–1939]]''. Free Life Editions; 1st edition (1974)</ref> [[Asosiasi Pekerja Internasional]] adalah federasi internasional serikat pekerja [[Anarko-sindikalisme|anarko-sindikalis]].
== Kritik dan debat ==
Baris 188 ⟶ 232:
* Weinstein, John. [[2003]]. ''Long Detour: The History and Future of the American Left''. [http://www.westviewpress.com/about.html Westview Press]. ISBN 0-8133-4104-3.
* Wilson, Edmund. [[1940]]. ''To the Finland Station: A Study in the Writing and Acting of History''. Garden City, [[New York]]: Doubleday Anchor.
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
{{further reading cleanup|date=September 2019}}
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Sassoon, Donald. ''One Hundred Years of Socialism: The West European Left in the Twentieth Century''. New Press. 1998. {{ISBN|1-56584-486-6}}.
* Guy Ankerl, ''Beyond Monopoly Capitalism and Monopoly Socialism'', Cambridge, MA: Schenkman, 1978.
* Beckett, Francis, ''Clem Attlee'', Politico's (2007) {{ISBN|978-1-84275-192-3}}.
* Nik Brandal, Øivind Bratberg, Dag Einar Thorsen. ''The Nordic Model of Social Democracy'' (2013) Pallgrave MacMillan. {{ISBN|1-137-01326-5}}.
* [[Gerald Cohen]]. ''Why Not Socialism?'' [[Princeton University Press]], 2009. {{ISBN|0-691-14361-7}}.
* [[G.D.H. Cole]], ''History of Socialist Thought, in 7 volumes'', Macmillan and St. Martin's Press, 1965; Palgrave Macmillan, 2003 reprint; 7 volumes, hardcover, 3160 pages, {{ISBN|1-4039-0264-X}}.
* [[Michael Ellman]] (2014). ''[http://www.cambridge.org/US/academic/subjects/economics/economics-general-interest/socialist-planning-3rd-edition Socialist Planning].'' [[Cambridge University Press]]; 3 edition. {{ISBN|1-107-42732-0}}.
* [[Friedrich Engels]], ''Socialism: Utopian and Scientific'', Pathfinder; 2r.e. edition (December 1989) {{ISBN|978-0-87348-579-1}}.
* Friedrich Engels, ''The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State'', Zurich, 1884. {{LCC|HQ504.E6}}.
* Albert Fried and Ronald Sanders, eds., ''Socialist Thought: A Documentary History'', Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor, 1964. {{LCCN|64011312}}.
* [[Kristen Ghodsee]] (2018). ''Why Women Have Better Sex Under Socialism: And Other Arguments for Economic Independence.'' Nation Books. {{ISBN|978-1-56858-890-2}}
* Frances Goldin, Debby Smith, Michael Smith. ''Imagine: Living in a Socialist USA''. [[Harper Perennial]], 2014. {{ISBN|0-06-230557-3}}.
* [[Élie Halévy]], ''Histoire du Socialisme Européen''. Paris: Gallimard, 1948.
* [[Michael Harrington]], ''Socialism'', New York: Bantam, 1972. {{LCCN|76154260}}.
* [[Michael Harrington]]. ''Socialism: Past and Future.'' Arcade Publishing, 2011. {{ISBN|1-61145-335-6}}.
* Hayes, Carlton J. H. "The History of German Socialism Reconsidered," ''American Historical Review'' (1917) 23#1 pp. 62–101 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1837686 online].
* [[Jesús Huerta de Soto]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20070614065637/http://www.jesushuertadesoto.com/pdf_socialismo/indice.pdf ''Socialismo, cálculo económico y función empresarial''] (''Socialism, Economic Calculation, and Entrepreneurship''), Unión Editorial, 1992. {{ISBN|84-7209-420-0}}.
* Makoto Itoh, ''Political Economy of Socialism''. London: Macmillan, 1995. {{ISBN|0-333-55337-3}}.
* {{cite book|last=Kitching|first=Gavin|authorlink=Gavin Kitching|title=Rethinking Socialism|publisher=Meuthen|year=1983|url=http://www.gavinkitching.com/marx_0.htm|isbn=978-0-416-35840-7|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118040529/http://www.gavinkitching.com/marx_0.htm|archivedate=18 January 2008|df=dmy-all}}
* [[Oskar Lange]], ''On the Economic Theory of Socialism'', Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1938. {{LCCN|38012882}}.
* Michael Lebowitz, ''[http://www.monthlyreview.org/builditnow.htm Build It Now: Socialism for the 21st century]'', [http://www.monthlyreview.org Monthly Review Press], 2006. {{ISBN|1-58367-145-5}}.
* George Lichtheim, ''A Short History of Socialism''. Praeger Publishers, 1970.
* Alan Maass. ''The Case for Socialism.'' [[Haymarket Books]], 2010 (Updated Edition). {{ISBN|1-60846-073-8}}.
* Marx, Engels, ''The Communist Manifesto'', Penguin Classics (2002) {{ISBN|978-0-14-044757-6}}.
* Marx, Engels, ''Selected works in one volume'', Lawrence and Wishart (1968) {{ISBN|978-0-85315-181-4}}.
* [[Joshua Muravchik]], [https://www.pbs.org/heavenonearth/resources.html ''Heaven on Earth: The Rise and Fall of Socialism''], San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2002. {{ISBN|1-893554-45-7}}.
* Michael Newman, ''Socialism: A Very Short Introduction'', Oxford University Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-19-280431-6}}.
* [[Bertell Ollman]], ed., ''Market Socialism: The Debate among Socialists'', Routledge, 1998. {{ISBN|0-415-91967-3}}.
* [[Leo Panitch]], ''Renewing Socialism: Democracy, Strategy, and Imagination''. {{ISBN|0-8133-9821-5}}.
* Emile Perreau-Saussine, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20090206081900/http://www.polis.cam.ac.uk/contacts/staff/eperreausaussine/what_is_left_of_socialism.pdf What remains of socialism?]'', in Patrick Riordan (dir.), Values in Public life: aspects of common goods (Berlin, LIT Verlag, 2007), pp. 11–34.
* [[Richard Pipes]], ''Property and Freedom'', Vintage, 2000. {{ISBN|0-375-70447-7}}.
* John Barkley Rosser and Marina V. Rosser, ''Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy''. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-262-18234-8}}.
* [[Maximilien Rubel]] and John Crump, ''Non-Market Socialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries''. {{ISBN|0-312-00524-5}}.
* [[Bhaskar Sunkara]] (editor), ''The ABCs of Socialism.'' Verso, 2016. {{ISBN|978-1-78478-726-4}}.
* Katherine Verdery, ''What Was Socialism, What Comes Next'', Princeton. 1996. {{ISBN|0-691-01132-X}}.
* {{cite web|last=Webb|first=Sidney|title=The Basis of Socialism – Historic|year=1889|publisher=Library of Economics and Liberty|authorlink=Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield}}
* [[James Weinstein (author)|James Weinstein]], ''Long Detour: The History and Future of the American Left'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20040803131902/http://www.westviewpress.com/about.html Westview Press], 2003, hardcover, 272 pages. {{ISBN|0-8133-4104-3}}.
* Peter Wilberg, [http://www.newgnosis.co.uk/deep.html ''Deep Socialism: A New Manifesto of Marxist Ethics and Economics''], 2003. {{ISBN|1-904519-02-4}}.
* [[Edmund Wilson]], ''To the Finland Station: A Study in the Writing and Acting of History'', Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1940. {{LCCN|40034338}}.
{{refend}}
== Pranala luar ==
* {{dmoz|Society/Politics/Socialism/|Socialism}}.
* {{IEP|socialis/}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120208125248/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552531 Cuban Socialism] dari [https://web.archive.org/web/20160115205405/https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494 Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives].
* {{cite EB1922|last=Cole|first=G.D.H.|authorlink=G. D. H. Cole|wstitle=Socialism|short=x}}
* {{cite NIE|last=Ely|first=Richard T.|authorlink=Richard T. Ely|last2=Adams|first2=Thomas Sewall|author2link=Thomas Sewall Adams|wstitle=Socialism|short=x}}
{{Sosialisme}}
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