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[[Sogdiana|Orang-orang Sogdiana]] di Tiongkok menggunakan 9 nama keluarga Tionghoa sesuai dengan nama-nama Tionghoa negara bagian asal mereka.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=fCdCDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA828&lpg=PA828&dq=kang+shi+an+cao+shi+mi+he+huoxun+wudi#v=onepage&q=kang%20shi%20an%20cao%20shi%20mi%20he%20huoxun%20wudi&f=false|title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval China|last=Xiong|first=Victor Cunrui|date=2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1442276161|edition=2|volume=Volume 2 of Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras|location=|page=838|author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=UgOwDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1611&lpg=PT1611&dq=kang+shi+an+cao+shi+mi+he+huoxun+wudi#v=onepage&q=kang%20shi%20an%20cao%20shi%20mi%20he%20huoxun%20wudi&f=false|title=The Silk Road Encyclopedia|last=Jeong|first=Su-Il|date=2016|publisher=Seoul Selection|isbn=978-1624120763}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=07-12-2017 |title=Pei Ju, an Unsung Hero |url=https://www.pressreader.com/china/beijing-english/20171207/281552291198160 |location=Beijing}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Aierken|first=Yipaer|date=|title=Redefining the Art and Culture of Sogdians: From Ethnic Identity Construction to Zoroastrianism, Who Were the Sogdians?|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322603609_Redefining_the_Art_and_Culture_of_Sogdians_From_Ethnic_Identity_Construction_to_Zoroastrianism_Who_Were_the_Sogdians|publisher=Arizona State University|}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=|title=Some Chinese Sources on the Khazars and Khwarazm|last=Ying|first=Lin |date=2000–2001|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=|series=ARCHIVUM EURASIAE MEDII AEVI|location=Wiesbaden|pages=339–364|author-link=|issue=11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imperialchina.org/Turks_Uygurs.html|title=Turk & Uygur (UIGUR, UIGHUIR, UIGUIR, and WEIWUER) -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis of China -- Research into Origins of Huns, Uygurs, Mongols and Tibetans}}</ref>{{sfn|Hansen|2003|p=157}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=VYaMuV3N5vUC&pg=PA151&dq=yena+sogdian+name |title=From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia|last=Nicolini-Zani|first=Mattco |date=2013|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3643903297|editor-last=Tang|editor-first=Li|edition=illustrasi |location=|page=|editor-last2=Winkler|editor-first2=Dietmar W.}}</ref>
 
Populasi Han dan Sogdiana ada di Xizhou.{{sfn|Skaff|2012|p=68}} Sebuah catatan dari Pemakaman Astana yang berasal dari tahun 639 menunjukkan transaksi penjualan seorang budak gadis Sogdiana. Catatan itu diterjemahkan oleh He Deli, seorang Sogdiana yang tahu bahasa Turki dan Tionghoa.{{sfn|Skaff|2012|p=70}}{{sfn|Skaff|2012|p=383}}{{sfn|Hansen|2003|p=159}}{{sfn|Hansen|2003|p=149–161}}{{sfn|Hansen|2005|p=37-46}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.aisixiang.com/data/77843-4.html|title=荣新江：丝绸之路上的粟特商人与贸易网络|last=荣 |first=新江|date=14-09-2014|website=爱思想|language=Mandarin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grenet|first=Frantz|date=December 2003|editor-last=Waugh|editor-first=Daniel C.|editor2-last=Salfrank|editor2-first=Heather|title=The Pre-Islamic Civilization of the Sogdians (seventh century BCE to eighth century CE): A Bibliographic Essay (studies since 1986)|url=http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/srjournal_v1n2.pdf|journal=The Silk Road|volume=1|issue=2|pages=31|doi=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://cnqzu.com/library/To%20Organize/Books/Brill%20Ebooks/Brill._Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies/Brill.%20Handbook%20of%20Oriental%20Studies/Sogdian_Traders__A_History__Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies___Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies_.pdf|title=SOGDIAN TRADERS A History|last=DE LA VAISSIÈRE|first=ÉTIENNE|date=2005|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90 04 14252 5|series=ÉTIENNE DE LA HANDBOOK OF ORIENTAL STUDIES HANDBUCH DER ORIENTALISTIK|volume=TEN|location=|pages=132, 169, 170, 173, 355|issn=0169-8524|author-link=|issue=SECTION EIGHT CENTRAL ASIA}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hansen |first=Valerie |title=Negotiating Daily Life in Traditional China. How Ordinary People Used Contracts 600–1400 |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1995 |page=285 |language=en}}</ref><ref>——, “New Works on the Sogdians, the Most Important Traders on the Silk Road, A.D. 500–1000” with an Appendix by Y. Yoshida “Translation of the Contract for the Purchase of a Slave-Girl found at Turfan and Dated 639”, T’oung Pao, LXXXIX, 2003, pp. 149–161.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hansen |first=Valerie |title=The Impact of the Silk Road Trade on a Local Community: The Turfan Oasis, 500–800” |editors=É. de la Vaissière, É. Trombert (eds.) |journal=Les Sogdiens en Chine, (Études thématiques, 14) |location=Paris |publisher=EFEO |year=2005 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mallory|first=J. P.|date=Winter 2010|title=Bronze Age Languages of the Tarim Basin|url=https://issuu.com/pennmuseum/docs/ssr_expedition|journal=Expedition Magazine (Silk Road Issue)|volume=52|page=45|issn=0014-4738|language=en}}</ref> Gadis budak itu dibayar sebesar 120 koin perak.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hansen|first=Valerie|last2=Rong|first2=Xinjiang|date=2013|title=How the Residents of Turfan used Textiles as Money, 273–796 ce|url=https://history.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/VALERIE%20HANSEN%20and%20XINJIANG%20RONG.pdf |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|series=3|volume=23 |issue=2|pages=290 |doi=10.1017/S1356186313000205|access-date=}}</ref> <ref name="从出土文物看唐代的胡人女性形象1">{{Cite journal|last=杨|first=瑾|author-link=|date=September 2010|title=从出土文物看唐代的胡人女性形象[1]|url=http://www.sxlib.org.cn/dfzy/sxdwljgb/tddl/yjwx_5659/yjlz_5660/qlwhyjw/201704/t20170426_698266.html|journal=乾陵文化研究|issue=五|page=|isbnlanguage=Mandarin }}</ref> Kontrak penjualan ditulis dalam bahasa Sogdiana.<ref name="Brill">{{Cite journal|last=Skaff|first=Jonathan Karam|date=2003|title=The Sogdian Trade Diaspora in East Turkestan during the Seventh and Eighth Centuries|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|volume=46|issue=4|pages=507|doi= |jstor=3632829 |language=en}}</ref> Kontrak itu diterjemahkan oleh Yoshida Yutaka.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Skaff|first=Jonathan Karam|date=2003 |title=The Sogdian Trade Diaspora in East Turkestan during the Seventh and Eighth Centuries|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|volume=46|issue=4|pages=523|doi=|jstor=3632829}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Skaff|first=Jonathan Karam|date=2003|title=The Sogdian Trade Diaspora in East Turkestan during the Seventh and Eighth Centuries|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|volume=46|issue=4|pages=524|doi=|jstor=3632829}}</ref>{{sfn|Hansen|2003|p=159}} Gadis budak itu bernama Upach, berasal dari keluarga Chuyakk, dan lahir di Asia Tengah. Nama pembeli tertulis Yansyan dalam bahasa Sogdiana dari keluarga Chan. Penjual budak itu berasal dari Samarqand bernama Wakhushuvirt. Kontrak itu menyebutkan bahwa mereka dapat melakukan semua yang mereka inginkan, seperti membiarkannya pergi, menjualnya, melecehkannya, atau memukulinya. Gadis itu milik keluarga Yansyan selamanya.{{sfn|Hansen|2003|p=160}}</ref> Zhang Yanxiang 張延 相, yang namanya ditemukan dalam dokumen berbahasa Mandarin di Turfan, diyakini adalah Chan Yansyan.{{sfn|Hansen|2003|p=161}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=段|first=知壮 |date=05-02-2015 |title=佛教中国化的一个制度层面的分析|url=http://www.pacilution.com/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=5528|journal=亚洲研究 |series=20|access-date=|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://xuewen.cnki.net/CJFD-SXZX198706010.html|title="元"乎?"充"乎?"讫"乎?——吐鲁番出土的唐朝高昌县给田文书中■字作何解释的问题|last=|first=|date=|website=CNKI学问——有学问，才够权威！|publisher=|access-date=|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=孟|first=宪实|date=Mei 2009|title=论唐朝的佛教管理|url=https://wenku.baidu.com/view/2ae28513866fb84ae45c8d9e.html |journal=北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版) Journal of Peking University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)|volume=46|issue=3|access-date=|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.china2551.org/12572.html|title=敦煌出度文书所见唐代度牒的申领与发放||date=Agustus 2013 |website=china2551.org |publisher=（北京师范大学) 度牒是僧尼取…|orig-year=5年前 (2013-08-17)|id=西部佛学网-佛学{{!}}佛学研究{{!}}佛学动态{{!}}佛教历史{{!}}佛学理论{{!}}佛教学者{{!}}佛教 ...|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ntcuir.ntcu.edu.tw/bitstream/987654321/7623/1/094NTCTC461022-001.pdf|title=虞世南書學之研究|last=摘|first=要|date=|website=National Taichung University of Education Institutional Repository|page=76|trans-title=The Study on the Calligraphy of Yu Shi-Nan|access-date=|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.myeducs.cn/mianfeilunwen/lishixue/120074059/index2.htm|title=唐代国家对僧尼的管理——以僧尼籍帐与人口控制为中心|last=|first=|date=19-05-2014|website=原创论文|language=Mandarin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=Maret 2008|editor-last=乾|editor-first=乾|title=【周奇】唐代国家对僧尼的管理——以僧尼籍帐与人口控制为中心 |url=http://www.philosophy.org.cn/fzxk/zjx/201507/t20150713_2728848.shtml|journal=（原载《中国社会经济史研究》）|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wu|first=Zhen|date=Juli 2002|title="Hu" Non-Chinese as They Appear in the Materials from the Astana Graveyard at Turfan|url=http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp119_hu_people_turfan.pdf|journal=Sino-Platonic Papers |volume=119 |pages=16 |issn=2157-9679 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Skaff|first=Jonathan Karam|date=2003|title=The Sogdian Trade Diaspora in East Turkestan during the Seventh and Eighth Centuries|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|volume=46|issue=4 |pages=523 |jstor=3632829 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Wu Zhen ~ 吳震 "Tangdai Sichou zhilu yu hu nubi maimai" 唐代絲綢之路與胡奴婢買賣吐魯番. (The Silk Road of the Tang dynasty and the sale and purchase of non-Chinese slaves). In 1994 nian Dunhuangxue guoji yantaohui wenji 1994 年敦煌學國際研討會文集 ed. Dunhuang yanjiuyuan 敦煌研究院 (Lanzhou: Gansu minzu chubanshe, 2000) pp. 128-154.</ref>

Di jalur sutra, gadis budak adalah komoditas utama dan jauh lebih mahal daripada sutra. Nilai seorang gadis budak lima kali lipat nilai sutra. Gadis budak Asia Tengah diekspor dari wilayah Iran ke Tiongkok. Dipercaya bahwa para pedagang kaya dan bangsawan-bangsawan di ibu kota Tiongkok, Chang'an, adalah konsumen bagi sejumlah besar budak perempuan Asia Tengah yang dibawa oleh orang-orang Sogdiana. Orang-orang Sogdiana memperoleh untung besar dari penjualan gadis budak dan keuntungan juga diperoleh pemerintah Tiongkok dari pajak penjualan budak. Penyair Persia sering menulis tentang minuman anggur dan para budak perempuan. Toko-toko minuman anggur dilengkapi dengan pelayan gadis-gadis muda. Selain menyajikan minuman, para gadis muda itu menari, menyanyi, dan memberikan layanan seks untuk tamu. Sebagian besar dari mereka berusia 14 atau 15 tahun. Seorang pedagang Sogdiana, Kang Weiyi, memiliki 15 gadis budak, termasuk gadis India, Asia Tengah, dan Baktria yang ia bawa untuk dijual di Chang'an.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kknews.cc/history/epg26yy.html|title=唐代長安城中販賣給漢人的胡姬與絲綢之路上的女奴貿易 |date=31-08-2018|website=每日頭條|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=郭|first=雪妮|date=2012|orig-year=2012（北京师范大学文学院北京100875）|title=酒肆论文摘要,唐代"胡姬"诗与现代日本的西域想象|url=http://www.lunwendaquan.com/hanyuyanwenxue/152569.html|journal=长安学刊|volume=|issue=3|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=唐朝定居指南|last=森|first=林鹿|date=2015-11-25|volume=|pages=|chapter=第6章 一年之计在于吃(5)|doi=|chapter-url=http://dushu.qq.com/read.html?bid=650540&cid=6|issue=}}</ref><ref>林梅村《粟特文买婢契与丝绸之路上的女奴贸易》，《文物》1992 年9 期，49&#x2014;54 页；收入</ref><ref>温翠芳，唐代长安西市中的胡姬与丝绸之路上的女奴贸易，西域研究，2006（2）</ref><ref>《唐代长安西市中的胡姬与丝绸之路上的女奴贸易》，《西域研究》，2006年第2期。</ref><ref>粟特文买婢契与丝绸之路上的女奴贸易林梅村文物</ref><ref>[https://rsipe.wordpress.com/2017/06/12/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA%E4%B8%8E%E4%B8%9D%E7%BB%B8%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E8%AE%BA%E6%96%87%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95/ 粟特人与丝绸之路中文期刊论文目录] 根据中国知网整理：方建勇(Fang Jianyong)/2006-2008年就读于浙江大学中国古代史研究生班</ref><ref>温翠芳.唐代长安西市中的胡姬与丝绸之路上的女奴贸易.西域研究，2006（2）</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=荣|first=新江|date=2014-09-09|title=从撒马尔干到长安——中古时期粟特人的迁徙与入居（《中古中国与粟特文明》代序言）|url=http://www.kaogu.cn/html/cn/xueshuyanjiu/yanjiuxinlun/qita/2014/0909/47471.html|journal=Kaogu|access-date=|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.douban.com/book/review/6942122/|title=《唐朝定居指南》中的参考资料|last=|first=|date=|website=豆瓣|publisher=|access-date=|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ylyjzx.swu.edu.cn/s/ylyjzx/yjdw/20171227/2183647.html|title=温翠芳特聘研究员|last=|first=|date=2017-12-27|website=西南大学伊朗研究中心|publisher=|access-date=|quote=}}</ref><ref>温翠芳《唐代长安西市中的胡姬与丝绸之路上的女奴贸易》（《西域研究}2006年第2期）</ref>
 
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