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|fam6=Barat
|iso3=mnb
}}
{{short description|Austronesian language spoken on Muna island, Indonesia}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Muna
|nativename=''Wamba Wuna''
|region=[[Muna Island]], [[Buton Island]]
|states=[[Sulawesi]], [[Indonesia]]
|speakers=300,000
|date=1989, 2007<!--1989 was the date in E16-->
|ref = e18
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
|fam3=[[Celebic languages|Celebic]]
|fam4=[[Muna–Buton languages|Muna–Buton]]
|fam5=[[Muna languages|Munan]]
|fam6=Munic
|fam7=Western
|iso3=mnb
|glotto=muna1247
|glottorefname=Muna
}}
'''Muna''' is an [[Austronesian language]] spoken principally on the island of [[Muna Island|Muna]] and the adjacent (northwestern) part of [[Buton Island]], off the southeast coast of [[Sulawesi]] in Indonesia.
'''Bahasa Muna''' merupakan sebuah [[bahasa Austronesia]] yang utamanya dituturkan di [[Pulau Muna]] dan sebagian barat laut [[Pulau Buton]] di [[Sulawesi Tenggara]]. Dokumentasi tentang bahasa Muna lumayan baik; karya akademis mengenai bahasa Muna dalam bahasa Inggris mencakup sebuah buku tata bahasa rujukan dan sebuah kamus karya ahli bahasa René van den Berg (1989, 1996).{{sfnp|van den Berg|1989}}{{sfnp|van den Berg|1996}}
Bahasa ini merupakan salah satu bahasa dunia yang terancam punah dengan jumlah penutur yang semakin menurun tiap tahunnya.<ref>{{cite journal |last=van den Berg |first=René |year=2014 |title= Juara Satu dan Dua: Membandingkan Situasi Kebahasaan Indonesia dan Papua Nugini |journal=Linguistik Indonesia |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=103-129}}</ref>
== Klasifikasi ==
Bahasa Muna termasuk ke dalam [[Rumpun bahasa Muna–Buton|subkelompok Muna–Buton]], yang merupakan cabang dari kelompok [[Rumpun bahasa Celebik|Celebik]] dari keluarga bahasa Austronesia.{{sfnp|Mead|2003}} Dalam rumpun Muna–Buton, bahasa Muna merupakan anggota terbesar dari subcabang Munik, yang juga mencakup bahasa-bahasa yang lebih kecil, seperti [[bahasa Pancana]], [[bahasa Kioko|Kioko]], [[bahasa Liabuku|Liabuku]], [[bahasa Kaimbulawa|Kaimbulawa]], dan [[bahasa Busoa|Busoa]].{{sfnp|van den Berg|2003|p=90}}{{sfnp|Donohue|2004|p=33}}
== Dialek ==
Bahasa Muna memiliki tiga dialek:
*bahasa Muna "Standar", yaitu ragam bahasa Muna yang dituturkan di bagian utara serta tengah Pulau Muna, serta di pantai barat laut Pulau Buton;
*dialek Tiworo, dituturkan di Kecamatan Tikep di barat laut Pulau Muna;
*dialek Muna Selatan, yang memiliki dua subdialek, yaitu Gumas dan Siompu.
Perbedaan antara dialek-dialek ini kebanyakan terbatas pada kosakata, walaupun terdapat pula sedikit perbedaan fonologis.{{sfnp|van den Berg|1989|pp=6–8}}
<!--
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
Muna has the following consonant phonemes.{{sfnp|van den Berg|1989|p=16}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+caption | Consonants
|-
! colspan=3|
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Laminal consonant|Lamino]]-[[Dental consonant|dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan=5| [[Plosive]]
! rowspan=2| voiceless
! plain
| p
|
| t
| (c)
| k
|
|
|-
! [[Prenasalized consonant|prenasalized]]
| ᵐp
|
| ⁿt
|
| ᵑk
|
|
|-
! rowspan=3| voiced
! plain
| b
| d̪ <''dh''>
| d
| (ɟ)
| g
|
|
|-
! [[Prenasalized consonant|prenasalized]]
| ᵐb
|
| ⁿd
|
| ᵑg
|
|
|-
! [[Implosive consonant|implosive]]
| ɓ <''bh''>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan=3 | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! rowspan=2 | voiceless
! plain
| f
|
| s
|
|
|
| h
|-
! prenasalized
|
|
| ⁿs
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=2 | voiced
|
|
|
|
|
| ʁ <''gh''>
|
|-
! colspan=3 | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| m
|
| n
|
| ŋ <''ng''>
|
|
|-
! colspan=3 | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=3 | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=3 | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| ʋ <''w''>
|
|
| (j) <''y''>
|
|
|
|}
Notes:
*The phoneme /ʋ/ is realized as a [[labiodental approximant]] [ʋ] before unrounded vowels, and as a [[bilabial approximant]] [β̞] before rounded vowels.{{sfnp|van den Berg|1989|pp=17–18}}
*In rapid speech, the sequences {{IPA|/bu, pu, mbu, mpu/}} have trilled allophones {{IPA|[ʙu, ʙ̥u, mʙu, mʙ̥u]}} in stressed position.{{sfnp|van den Berg|1989|p=17}}
*In the alveolar column, /t/ and /ⁿt/ are actually [[Apical consonant|apico]]-[[Dental consonant|dental]].{{sfnp|van den Berg|1989|p=17}}
===Vowels===
The vowel inventory comprises five vowels: /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/.{{sfnp|van den Berg|1989|pp=20–21}} They can freely combine into sequences of two or three vowels. Sequences of two like vowels are pronounced as a long vowel, e.g. ''tuu'' {{IPA|[tu:]}} 'knee'. In sequences of three vowels, there is an optional non-phonemic glottal stop after the first vowel, e.g. ''nokoue'' {{IPA|[noko(ʔ)ue]}} 'it has veins'.{{sfnp|van den Berg|1989|pp=25–27}}
===Syllable structure===
Like many other [[Languages of Sulawesi|languages on Sulawesi]],{{sfnp|Sneddon|1993}} Muna only has open syllables of the types CV (consonant-vowel) and V (vowel), e.g. ''kaindea'' /ka.i.ⁿde.a/ 'plantation', ''padamalala'' /pa.da.ma.la.la/ 'citronella', ''akumadiuandae'' /a.ku.ma.di.u.a.ⁿda.e/ 'I will wash them with it'.{{sfnp|van den Berg|1989|pp=23–25,180}} Loanwords from Malay/Indonesian and other source languages are adapted to the syllable structure of Muna: ''karadhaa'' /karad̪aa/ < Malay ''kerja'' 'work', ''kantori'' /kaⁿtori/ < Malay ''kantor'' 'office' (from Dutch ''kantoor''), ''wakutuu'' /wakutuu/ < Malay ''waktu'' 'time' (from Arabic ''waqt'').{{sfnp|van den Berg|1989|pp=37–40}}
==Grammar==
===Verbs===
Verbs are [[Inflection|inflected]] for [[Grammatical mood|mood]] and [[Grammatical person|person]] (of both subject and object). Person marking is strictly [[Nominative–accusative language|nominative–accusative]]: person marking prefixes indicate the subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, while person marking suffixes are used to mark the direct and indirect object.{{sfnp|van den Berg|1989|pp=50}}
There are three verb classes, which have slightly different forms for the subject prefix. The classes are named after the first person singular prefix.{{sfnp|van den Berg|1989|pp=52–57}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | ''a''-class
! colspan=2 | ''ae''-class
! colspan=2 | ''ao''-class
|-
! realis
! irrealis
! realis
! irrealis
! realis
! irrealis
|-
! 1.sg.
| ''a-'' || ''a-'' || ''ae-'' || ''ae-'' || ''ao-'' || ''ao-''
|-
! 2.sg.fam.
| ''o-'' || ''o-'' || ''ome-'' || ''ome-'' || ''omo-'' || ''omo-''
|-
! 2.sg.hon.
| ''to-'' || ''ta-'' || ''te-'' || ''tae-'' || ''to-'' || ''tao-''
|-
! 3.sg.
| ''no-'' || ''na-'' || ''ne-'' || ''nae-'' || ''no-'' || ''nao-''
|-
! 1.du.incl.
| ''do-'' || ''da-'' || ''de-'' || ''dae-'' || ''do-'' || ''dao-''
|-
! 1.pl.incl.
| ''do- -Vmu'' || ''da- -Vmu'' || ''de- -Vmu'' || ''dae- -Vmu'' || ''do- -Vmu'' || ''dao- -Vmu''
|-
! 1.pl.excl.
| ''ta-'' || ''ta-'' || ''tae-'' || ''tae-'' || ''tao-'' || ''tao-''
|-
! 2.pl.fam.
| ''o- -Vmu'' || ''o- -Vmu'' || ''ome- -Vmu'' || ''ome- -Vmu'' || ''omo- -Vmu'' || ''omo- -Vmu''
|-
! 2.pl.hon.
| ''to- -Vmu'' || ''ta- -Vmu'' || ''te- -Vmu'' || ''tae- -Vmu'' || ''to- -Vmu'' || ''tao- -Vmu''
|-
! 3.pl.
| ''do-'' || ''da-'' || ''de-'' || ''dae-'' || ''do-'' || ''dao-''
|}
For ''ae''-class and ''ao''-class verbs, mood is only distinguished by the use of the respective subject prefix:{{sfnp|van den Berg|1989|pp=57–58}}
:''de-basa'' 'we read' (realis) ~ ''dae-basa'' 'we will read' (irrealis)
:''no-lodo'' 'he sleeps' (realis) ~ ''nao-lodo'' 'he will sleep' (irrealis)
With ''a''-class verbs, irrealis mood is additionally marked by the infix ''<um>'':
:''no-horo'' 'it flies' (realis) ~ ''na-h<um>oro'' 'it will fly' (irrealis)
Intransitive verbs mostly employ ''a''-class or ''ao''-class prefixes. As a general rule, ''a''-class verbs are [[Unergative verb|dynamic intransitive verbs]], while ''ao''-class verbs are [[Unaccusative verb|stative intransitive verbs]].{{sfnp|van den Berg|1989|pp=55–56}} With a few exceptions, [[transitive verb]]s use ''ae''-class prefixes with an indefinite object, but ''a''-class prefixes with a definite object.{{sfnp|van den Berg|1989|pp=59–63}}
:''ne-ala-mo kapulu'' 'He took a machete' (indefinite, ''ae''-class prefix)
:''no-ala-mo kapulu-no'' 'He took his machete' (definite, ''a''-class prefix)
There are two sets of object suffixes, marking direct and indirect objects.{{sfnp|van den Berg|1989|pp=68}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
! direct
! indirect
|-
! 1.sg.
| ''-kanau'' || ''-kanau''
|-
! 2.sg.fam.
| ''-ko'' || ''-angko''
|-
! 2.sg.hon.
| ''-kaeta'' || ''-kaeta''
|-
! 3.sg.
| ''-e'' || ''-ane''
|-
! 1.du./pl.incl.
| --- || ---
|-
! 1.pl.excl.
| ''-kasami'' || ''-kasami''
|-
! 2.pl.fam.
| ''-koomu'' || ''-angkoomu''
|-
! 2.pl.hon.
| ''-kaetaamu'' || ''-kaetaamu''
|-
! 3.pl.
| ''-da'' || ''-anda''
|}
Combinations of two suffixes are restricted to indirect object suffixes + the third person singular direct object suffix ''-e'':{{sfnp|van den Berg|1989|pp=71}}
*''a-ghumoli-angko-e'' 'I will buy it for you.'
-->
== Rujukan ==
=== Sitiran ===
{{reflist|25em}}
=== Daftar pustaka ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Donohue |first=Mark |year=2004 |chapter=The pretenders to the Muna-Buton group |editor1=John Bowden |editor2=Nikolaus Himmelmann |title=Papers in Austronesian subgrouping and dialectology |pages=21–35 |series=Pacific Linguistics 563 |place=Canberra |publisher=Australian National University |doi=10.15144/PL-563.21 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book |last=Mead |first=David |year=2003 |chapter=Evidence for a Celebic supergroup |editor=Lynch, John |title=Issues in Austronesian historical phonology |pages=115–141 |series=Pacific Linguistics 550 |place=Canberra |publisher=Australian National University |doi=10.15144/PL-550.115 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sneddon |first=J. N. |year=1993 |title=The Drift Towards Final Open Syllables in Sulawesi Languages |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=1–44 |jstor=3623095}}
* {{cite book |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/52170| title=A Grammar of the Muna Language |first=René |last=van den Berg |date=1989 |publisher=Foris Publications |place=Dordrecht |series=Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=139 |location=Dordrecht, Belanda dan Providence, AS |publisher=Foris Publications |isbn=9781556713439}}
* {{cite book |last=van den Berg |first=René |year=1996 |title=Muna-English dictionary |place=Leiden |publisher=KITLV Press}}
* {{cite book |last=van den Berg |first=René |year=2003 |chapter=The place of Tukang Besi and the Muna-Buton languages |editor=Lynch, John |title=Issues in Austronesian historical phonology |pages=87–114 |series=Pacific Linguistics 550 |place=Canberra |publisher=Australian National University |doi=10.15144/PL-550.87 |doi-access=free}}
{{refend}}
== Bacaan lanjutan ==
* {{cite journal |last=van den Berg |first=René |year=1987 |title=Beberapa Aspek Morfologi Kata Kerja Bahasa Muna |journal=Lontara |volume=34 |pages=43-52}}
* {{cite journal |last=van den Berg-Klingeman |first=Lydia |year=1987 |title=Klausa Relatif Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa Muna |journal=Lontara |volume=34 |pages=5-25}}
* {{cite book |last=van den Berg |first=René |chapter=Muna Dialects and Munic Languages: Towards a Reconstruction |year=1991a |editor=Ray Harlow |title=Western Austronesian and Contact Languages: Papers from the Fifth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics |series=VICAL |volume=2 |location=Auckland |publisher=Linguistic Society of New Zealand |pages=21-51}}
* {{cite journal |last=van den Berg |first=René |title=Muna historical phonology |journal=Nusa |volume=33 |pages=1-28}}
* {{cite book |last=van den Berg |first=René |year=2004 |chapter=Notes on the southern Muna dialect |editor1=John Bowden |editor2=Nikolaus Himmelmann |title=Papers in Austronesian subgrouping and dialectology |pages=129–170 |series=Pacific Linguistics 563 |place=Canberra |publisher=Australian National University |doi=10.15144/PL-563.129 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book |last=van den Berg |first=René |year=1995 |chapter=Forestry, Injections and Cards: Dutch loans in Muna |editor1=Connie Baak |editor2=Mary Bakker |editor3=Dick van der Meij |title=Tales from a Concave World: Liber Amicorum Bert Voorhoeve |location=Leiden |publisher=Projects Division Department of Languages and Cultures of South-East Asia and Oceania |pages=191-215}}
===Further reading===
== Pranala luar ==
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