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Diperkirakan ada sekitar 2,3 juta Druze diseluruh dunia, dan kebanyakan daripadanya berada di [[Levant]] atau [[Mediterania Timur]]. Namun, sejumlah orang memperkirakan keseluruhan populasi Druze hanyalah sekitar 450.000 orang saja.<ref>[http://www.adherents.com/adh_branches.html#Islam]</ref>
== Sejarah kaumKaum Druze ==
[[Berkas:Constantinople(1878)-Druse_woman.png|jmpl|100px|Seorang perempuan Druze di [[Istanbul]], [[Turki]] pada masa [[Kekaisaran Ottoman]].]]
Agama ini berkembang dari [[Ismailiyah|Syi'ah]] [[Ismailiyah]], sebuah gerakan filsafat yang didasarkan pada [[Bani Fatimiyah]], pada [[abad ke-10]], suatu masa yang kaya kebudayaannya. Agama ini tidak berusaha mengubah Islam arus utama melainkan menciptakan suatu agama yang sama sekali baru, yangserta dipegnaruhi antara laindipengaruhi oleh [[filsafatFilsafat Yunani kuno|Filsafat Yunani]], [[Gnostisisme]] dan [[Kekristenan]].
Ada dua pelaku utama pada tahun-tahun permulaannya: Penguasa Fātimiyah yang saleh ''Tariqu l-Ḥakīm'' (985–1021)--juga dikenal sebagai [[Al-hakim]] atau ''[[al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah|al-Ḥakīm bi-ˤAmru l-Lāh]]'' ("Pemimpin di dalam Nama Allah")--adalah seorang kalifah Ismaili dari Mesir yang dipercayai oleh sebagian orang sebagai benar-benar penjelmaan Allah. Imigran Persia [[Hamza ibn-'Ali ibn-Ahmad|Hamza ibn ˤAlī ibn Aḥmad]] adalah arsitek utama gerakan ini. [[Imam Syiah|Imām]] Ḥamza inilah yang pertama-tama secara terbuka mengumumkan bahwa Ḥakīm lebih daripada seorang manusia biasa.
<!--The early Druze community faced a strong challenge when Muḥammad ad-Darazī declared Ḥakīm's divinity and claimed to be his chief messenger. It is said that Ḥakīm was angered by this and had Darazī executed. Meanwhile, Hamza and his moderate followers, who had rejected that Ḥakīm was the incarnation of God, received his favour and were protected until he disappeared one night in [[1021]]. The Druze believe that Ḥakīm went into occultation and will return in the [[Eschatology|end of days]] as the [[Al-Qa'im (person)|Qā'im]] "Ariser" or [[Mahdi]] "Guided One".
After the death (resp. the hiding''/al-ghaiba'') of Ḥakīm, the Druze were forced to move and use the (accepted) practice of ''[[taqiyya]]'' "dissimulation", whereby they concealed their true beliefs and outwardly accepted the religious beliefs of those amongst whom they lived even as they secretly retained their true convictions.
The Druze have played major roles in the history of the [[Levant]]. They were mostly scattered in the [[Chouf Mountains]], which are part of [[Mount Lebanon]] (known for some time as the Mount of the Druzes), and later the so-named [[Jabal el-Dourouz|Jabal al-Durūz (Mount of the Druzes)]] in [[Syria]].
The Druze also played a major role in the [[Lebanese Civil War]] ([[1975]]–[[1990]]). They organized a [[militia]] (one of the strongest militias in the War) under the leadership of [[Walid Jumblatt]], (son of [[Kamal Jumblatt]]), in opposition to the [[Maronite]] Christian [[Kataeb Party (Lebanon)|Phalangist]] militia of [[Bachir Gemayel]] in the Mount Lebanon area (especially the Chouf) where the Druze militia were successful in winning the war. A peace treaty was then signed between the Druze and Maronite leaders which has enabled them to live peacefully together and later become allies.
==The Druze today==
In Lebanon, Syria and Israel, the Druze have official recognition as a separate religious community with its own religious court system. Their symbol is an array of five colors: [[green]], [[red]], [[yellow]], [[blue]] and [[white]]. Each color pertains to a symbol defining its principles: green for ''ˤAql'' "the Universal Mind", red for ''Rūħ'' "the Universal Soul", yellow for ''Kalima''
"the Truth/Word", blue for ''Sabq'' "the Antagonist/Cause" and white for ''Talī'' "the Protagonist/Effect". These principles are why the number [[5 (number)|five]] has special considerations among the religious community; it is usually represented symbolically as a five-pointed star.
Although often politically recognized as Muslims, most Druzes do not consider themselves Muslims, since they are not followers of the five pillars of Islam.
[[Berkas:Druzememorial.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Daliyat Al-Karmel]], Israeli Memorial to 355 Druze killed while fighting for Israel]]
In [[Israel]], Druze choose to vote in elections but usually identify themselves as [[Arab]]s (but not specifically as [[Palestinian]]s)<sup>[[#Notes|1]]</sup>. Some of the Galilean and Carmelean Druzes are well known in Israel as “Israeli patriots”. Lately, [[Azzam Azzam]], an Israeli-Druze convicted spy, has become (in Israel’s popular culture) the model of the “ultimate Israeli patriot”.
However, many Druze living in the [[Golan Heights]] consider themselves [[Syria]]n and refuse Israeli citizenship, while the remainder consider themselves Israeli. In general elections, the majority of Druze villages have similar voting patterns as the general public.
Israeli Druze also serve in the [[Israeli army]], voluntarily since 1948, and—at the community's request—compulsorily since 1956. Their privileges and responsibilites are the same as Israeli Jews; thus, all Druze are drafted, but exemptions are given for religious students and for various other reasons.
In January 2004, the spiritual leader of the Druze community in Israel, Shaykh [[Mowafak Tarif]], signed a declaration calling on all non-Jews in Israel to observe the [[Seven Noahide Laws]] as laid down in the [[Bible]] and expounded upon in [[Jewish tradition]]. The mayor of the [[Galilee|Galilean]] and the city of [[Shfaram]] also signed the document {{fact}}. The declaration includes the commitment to make a "...better humane world based on the Seven Noahide Commandments and the values they represent commanded by the Creator to all mankind through Moses on [[Mount Sinai]]."
Support for the spread of the Seven Noahide Commandments by the Druze leaders reflects the Biblical narrative itself. The Druze community reveres the non-Jewish father-in-law of Moses, [[Jethro]], whom Muslim Arabs call [[Shoaib|Shuˤayb]]. According to the Biblical narrative, Jethro joined and assisted the Jewish people in the desert during the [[Exodus]], accepted monotheism, but ultimately rejoined his own people. In fact, the tomb of Jethro in [[Tiberias]] is the most important religious site for the Druze community. [http://www.arutzsheva.com/news.php3?id=56379]
In 1167 Benjamin Metudela wrote about the Druze in his diary, according to his book the Druze are "Mountain dwellers, monotheists, believe in soul transfigurations and are good friends with the [[Jews]]".
== Prominent Druze figures ==
{{main|List of Druze}}
*[[Fakhreddin II]] (1588–1635), descendant of the [[Ma'an Dynasty]], ruled at its height what is now Lebanon, part of Syria, Israel and even part of [[Turkey]].
*[[L'Emir Magid Arslan]] was the leader of the independence of Lebanon in 1943 when the president Bechara el Khoury with fellow ministers were taken to prison to rachaya by the French. His sons L'Emir Faysal Arslan and L'Emir Talal Arslan fought each other democratically to gain seat in the Lebanese Parliament but L'Emir Talal Arslan won the seat because of Syria's influence over Lebanon during the Lebanese elections in 1992.
*[[Kamal Jumblatt]] founded the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] [[Progressive Socialist Party]] in the mid-20th century and was a major thinker and philosopher; his son [[Walid Jumblatt]] remains prominent in Lebanese politics.
*In Israel, [[Salah Tarif]], a former captain in the paratrooper and the tank divisions of the Israeli Army, has been a [[Knesset]] member since 1992. He has served as the Deputy Speaker and the Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs and was appointed [[Minister Without Portfolio]] in the Sharon government of 2001.
*[[Ayoob Kara]], a former member of the Knesset (Israeli parliament)for the [[Likud]] party.
*[[Colonel]] [[Imad Fares]], acclaimed commander of the [[Givati Brigade]] of the Israeli Army from 2001–2003.
*[[Major General]] [[Hussain Fares]], commander of the [[Israel Border Police]].
*[[Lieutenant General]] Salim Slim, commander of the [[Lebanese Judiciary Police]].
*[[Azzam Azzam]] was accused of spying for Israel by Egypt and jailed there for eight years before being released in late 2004.
*The famous musician [[Farid Al Atrache]], born in Syria's ''Jabal al-Durūz'' to Prince Farhan al-Atrash (brother of Sultan Basha al-Atrash). He moved to Egypt with his mother, brother and sister Asmahan, who was also a famous singer. He composed hundreds of songs and acted in many movies. Al-Atrache revived the Eastern musical traditions with such pieces as "Lahn al-Khulud" and the Rabeeh Opera.
*Radio announcer [[Casey Kasem]], born Kamal Amin Kasem to Lebanese Druze immigrants to the USA, is probably that country's most well-known figure of Druze heritage. About 20,000 Druze live in the United States.
*Sultan Basha al-Atrash was leader of the revolution against the French occupation of Lebanon and Syria in the 1920s. He is viewed by many Druze, as well as many non-Druze Arabs, as a symbol of courage and defiance to outside influence and occupation.
==Beliefs of the Druze==
The Druze faith keeps its tenets secret. They are publicly open about very few details of their faith (they practice [[taqiyya]]) and they do not accept converts and strongly discourage conversion from their religion to another. This is due to many religious, political and historical reasons: the Druze were violently and brutally persecuted for centuries by other religious communities.
The Druze believe in the unity of God, hence their preference for the name "People of Monotheism" or "Monotheists". Their [[theology]] has a [[Neo-Platonism|Neo-Platonic]] view about how God interacts with the world through emanations and is similar to some [[gnosticism|gnostic]] and other [[esotericism|esoteric]] sects. They are not, however, influenced by the [[Sufi]] philosophy, as many believe.
The principles of the Druze faith are: guarding one's tongue (honesty), protecting one's brother, respecting the elderly, helping others, protecting one's homeland, and belief in one God. Another well-known feature of the Druze religion is a fervent belief in human-only [[reincarnation]] for all the members of the community. They reject [[polygamy]], [[tobacco smoking]], [[alcoholic beverage|alcohol]] or consumption of [[pork]], although pork and alcohol may be consumed in many non-religious and/or [[al-Juhl]] households.
Druze religion does not allow them to intermarry with [[Muslims]], [[Jews]] or members of any other religions. However, these rules are often disregarded in modern societies.
It is also known that Druze believe in five cosmic principles, represented by the five colored Druze star: intelligence/reason (green), soul (red), word (yellow), precedent (blue) and [[immanence]] (white). These virtues take the shape of five different spirits which, until recently, have been continuously reincarnated on Earth as prophets and philosophers including [[Adam and Eve|Adam]], [[Pythagoras]], [[Akhenaten]], and many others. The Druze believe that, in every time period, these five principles were personified in five different people who came down together to Earth to teach humans the true path to God and [[nirvana]], but that with them came five other individuals who would lead people away from the right path into "darkness".
The Druze believe in prophets like [[Adam]], [[Noah]] (''Nūħ''), [[Abraham]] (''Ibrāhīm''), [[Sarah]], [[Jacob]] (''Yaˤqub''), [[Moses]] (''Mūsā''), [[Solomon]] (''Sulaymān''), [[John the Baptist]] (''Yahya'') and [[Jesus]] (''Isā'') (as mentioned above, in contrast to members of the other monotheistic faiths, they also elevate Jethro, or Shuˤayb, [[father-in-law]] of Mūsā, to the status of major prophet). They also believe in the wisdom of classical Greek [[philosopher]]s such as [[Plato]] and [[Pythagoras]]. In addition, they have an array of "wise men" that founded the religion in the [[11th century]].
Individual [[prayer]] does not exist. Druze are not required to follow the Muslim duties of prayer, fasting, or pilgrimage to [[Mecca]] but may do so, especially if it is dangerous for them if they do not.
One of the faith's holy books is called the ''Kitābu l-Ħikma'' or "Book of Wisdom", largely compiled by a mysterious figure called [[Muqtana|al-Muqtana]]. It has six volumes and is compiled in [[chapter]]s, each covering a specific issue. The teachings denounce materialism, especially materialism relative to religion.
===ˤUqqāl and Juhhāl===
The Druze are split into two groups. The outer group, called ''al-Juhhāl'' (جهال), "the Ignorant", are not granted access to the secret Druze holy literature. They form the Druze political and military leadership and generally distance themselves from religious issues. They comprise perhaps 90% of the Druze.
The inner group are called ''al-ˤUqqāl'' (عقال), "the Knowledgeable Initiates". Women are considered especially suitable to become ˤUqqāl; they are even regarded to be spiritually superior to men, a belief that greatly contrasts with the surrounding Christian and Muslim communities.
Druze women who are ˤuqqāl can opt to wear ''al-mandīl'', a transparent loose white [[veil]], especially in the presence of religious figures. They wear ''al-mandīl'' on their head to cover their hair and wrap it around their mouth and sometimes over their nose as well. They wear black shirts and long skirts covering their legs to their ankles. Male ''ˤuqqāl'' grow moustaches, shave their heads, and wear dark clothing with white turbans.
The ˤuqqāl themselves are also divided into two groups; about 10% are ''al-Ajawīd'', a term that means "The Good Ones (diminutive)". They are the leaders of the spiritual life of the Druze.
Druze places of worship are usually very modest and the Ajawīd lead very modest lifestyles. Prayer is usually conducted discreetly, among family and friends. There is little official hierarchy in the religious community except for the ''[[Shaykh]] al-ˤAql'', whose role is more political and social than religious. A religious figure is admired for his wisdom and lifestyle.
Contradictory literature surrounds the Druze mainly due to adopted beliefs that were used to protect them from persecutors and due to the rumors and stories of outsiders. For example, it is still unclear to most outsiders whether the Druze follow the same traditions of fasting as Muslims in the month of [[Ramadan]]. This is because the Druze have followed these traditions for centuries in order to protect themselves. Many orthodox Druze hold that they should not follow these traditions, but should follow a different fasting tradition still practiced by religious figures instead. The Druze have other fasting traditions, such as fasting during the ten days before [[Eid ul-Adha]], the last night of which is spent in prayer. The Druze fast is more difficult than the traditional Ramadan fast in that only one light meal is allowed in the evening.
==Notes==
#''Al-Maðhab at-Tawḥīdī ad-Durzī'' p. 66 by Najib Israwi, cited in Samy Swayd 1998, ''The Druzes: An Annotated Bibliography'', ISBN 0-9662932-0-7
#''Identity Repertoires among Arabs in Israel'', by Muhammad Amara and Izhak Schnell; ''Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies'', Vol. 30, 2004 -->
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Daftar Druze]]
* [http://www.lebdruze.com/ Komunitas Druze Lebanon]
* [http://www.druze.com/ Perhimpunan Druze Amerika - Nasional]
* [http://sa.druze.org.au/ Komunitas Druze Australia Selatan]
* [http://www.druzestudies.org/ Lembaga Studi Druze]
* [http://www.druze.org.il/ Online Druz Israel - bahasaBahasa Ibrani]
* [http://www.europeandruzesociety.com/ Perhimpunan Druze Eropa]
* [http://www.druzenet.org/ Druzenet: Penerbitan bahasaBahasa Inggris]
* [http://www.druze.net/ Perhimpunan Druze Kanada]
* [http://www.mmouka.com www.mmouka.com]
* [http://www.druzehistoryandculture.com/ Artikel tentang Druze]
* [http://59.1911encyclopedia.org/D/DR/DRUSES.htm Ensiklopedi Britannica 1911]
* [http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/L/Joshua.M.Landis-1/Joshua_Landis_Druze_and_Shishakli.htm Bangkit dan runtuhnyaRuntuhnya Druze Suriah]
* [http://www.druzecafe.com/ Bertemu Druze dari seluruhSeluruh duniaDunia]
* [http://www.religioustolerance.org/druse.htm Druse, Druze, Mowahhidoon] digambarkan dalam situs OCRT
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[[Kategori:Perhimpunan Suriah]]
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