Albert Einstein: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{redirect|Einstein|orang lain|Einstein (nama keluarga)|kegunaan lain|Albert Einstein (disambiguasi)|dan|Einstein (disambiguasi)}}
{{short description|Fisikawan dan pengembang teori relativitas kelahiran Jerman}}
{{Infobox scientist
Muhammad Alfanizar ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|aɪ|n|s|t|aɪ|n}} {{respell|EYEN|styne}};<ref>{{cite book|last=Wells|first=John|authorlink=John C. Wells|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|publisher=Pearson Longman|edition=3rd|date=3 April 2008|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref> {{IPA-de|ˈalbɛɐ̯t ˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn|lang|Albert Einstein german.ogg}}; 14 Maret 1879 – 18 April 1955) adalah fisikawan teoretis kelahiran Jerman<ref name="Bio">{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html |title=Albert Einstein – Biography |accessdate=7 March 2007 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070306133522/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html| archivedate= 6 March 2007 | deadurl= no}}</ref> yang mengembangkan [[teori relativitas]], satu dari dua pilar utama fisika modern (bersama [[mekanika kuantum]]).<ref name="frs">{{cite journal | last1 = Whittaker | first1 = E. | authorlink = E. T. Whittaker| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1955.0005 | title = Albert Einstein. 1879–1955 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 1 | pages = 37–67 | date = 1 November 1955| jstor = 769242| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="YangHamilton2010">{{cite book|author1=Fujia Yang|author2=Joseph H. Hamilton|title=Modern Atomic and Nuclear Physics|date=2010|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4277-16-7}}</ref>{{rp|274}} Karya-karyanya juga dikenal karena berpengaruh terhadap [[filsafat ilmu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Einstein's Philosophy of Science |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/einstein-philscience/#IntWasEinEpiOpp |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University |editor-first=Don A. | editor-last=Howard |date=2014 |orig-year=First published 11 February 2004 |accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |first=Don A. | last=Howard |title=Albert Einstein as a Philosopher of Science |url=http://www3.nd.edu/~dhoward1/vol58no12p34_40.pdf |date=December 2005 |journal=Physics Today |volume=58 |issue=12 |pages=34–40 |via=University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, author's personal webpage |accessdate=8 March 2015|bibcode=2005PhT....58l..34H |doi=10.1063/1.2169442 }}</ref> Persamaan Einstein yang paling dikenal adalah rumus [[kesetaraan massa-energi]] <math>E = mc^2</math>, yang dijuluki "persamaan paling terkenal di dunia".<ref>{{cite book |first=David | last=Bodanis |title=E = mc<sup>2</sup>: A Biography of the World's Most Famous Equation |location=New York |publisher=Walker |date=2000 }}</ref> Einstein menerima [[Nobel Fisika]] pada tahun 1921 "atas jasanya terhadap fisika teoretis, dan khususnya atas penemuannya tentang hukum [[efek fotolistrik]]",<ref name="Nobel Prize" /> yang menjadi langkah penting dalam pengembangan [[Pengenalan mekanika kuantum|teori kuantum]].▼
| name = Albert Einstein
| image = Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer - restoration.jpg
| caption = Einstein pada 1921
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1879|3|14}}
| birth_place = [[Ulm]], [[Kerajaan Württemberg]], [[Kekaisaran Jerman]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1955|4|18|1879|3|14}}
| death_place = {{nowrap|[[Princeton, New Jersey]], [[Amerika Serikat]]}}
| children = [[Lieserl Einstein|"Lieserl" Einstein]] <br />[[Hans Albert Einstein]] <br />[[Keluarga Einstein#Eduard "Tete" Einstein (putra Albert)|Eduard "Tete" Einstein]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Mileva Marić]]|1903|1919|end=div}}<br />{{marriage|[[Elsa Löwenthal]]|1919|1936|end=meninggal<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Heilbron |editor-first=John L. |title=The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abqjP-_KfzkC&pg=PA233 |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974376-6 |page=233}}</ref>{{sfnp|Pais|1982|p=301}}}}
| residence = Jerman, Italia, Swiss, Austria (kini Republik Ceko), Belgia, Amerika Serikat
| citizenship = {{Plainlist|
* Subjek [[Kerajaan Württemberg]] pada masa Kekaisaran Jerman (1879–1896)<ref name=GEcitizen group=note>During the German Empire, citizens were exclusively subjects of one of the 27 ''Bundesstaaten''.</ref>
* [[Tanpa kewarganegaraan]] (1896–1901)
* Warga negara [[Swiss]] (1901–1955)
* Subjek Austria pada [[Kekaisaran Austria-Hongaria]] (1911–1912)
* Subjek [[Kerajaan Prussia]] pada Kekaisaran Jerman (1914–1918)<ref name=GEcitizen group=note/>
* Warga negara Jerman [[Negara Merdeka Prussia]] ([[Republik Weimar]], 1918–1933)
* Warga negara Amerika Serikat (1940–1955)
}}
| fields = [[Fisika]], [[filsafat]]
| workplaces = {{Plainlist|
* [[Kantor Paten Swiss]] ([[Bern]]) (1902–1909)
* [[Universitas Bern]] (1908–1909)
* [[Universitas Zurich]] (1909–1911)
* [[Karl-Ferdinands-Universität|Universitas Charles Praha]] (1911–1912)
* [[ETH Zurich]] (1912–1914)
* [[Akademi Sains Prussia]] (1914–1933)
* [[Universitas Humboldt Berlin]] (1914–1933)
* [[Kaiser Wilhelm Institute]] (direktur, 1917–1933)
* [[German Physical Society]] (presiden, 1916–1918)
* [[Universitas Leiden]] (tamu, 1920)
* [[Institute for Advanced Study]] (1933–1955)
* [[Caltech]] (tamu, 1931–1933)
* [[Universitas Oxford]] (tamu, 1931–1933)
}}
| education = {{Plainlist|
* [[ETH Zurich|Sekolah politeknik federal]] (1896–1900; B.A., 1900)
* [[Universitas Zurich]] (Ph.D., 1905)
}}
| doctoral_advisor = [[Alfred Kleiner]]
| thesis_title = {{lang|de|Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen}} (Determinasi Baru Dimensi Molekuler)
| thesis_url = http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:30378/eth-30378-01.pdf
| thesis_year = 1905
| academic_advisors = [[Heinrich Friedrich Weber]]
| influenced = {{Plainlist|
* Hampir seluruh cabang [[fisika modern]]
}}
| known_for = {{Plainlist|
* [[Relativitas umum]]
* [[Relativitas khusus]]
* [[Efek fotolistrik]]
* [[Kesetaraan massa-energi|''E=mc<sup>2</sup>'' (kesetaraan massa-energi)]]
* [[Relasi Planck–Einstein|''E=hf'' (relasi Planck–Einstein)]]
* Teori [[gerak Brown]]
* [[Persamaan medan Einstein]]
* [[Statistik Bose–Einstein]]
* [[Kondensat Bose–Einstein]]
* [[Gelombang gravitasi]]
* [[Konstanta kosmologi]]
* [[Teori medan terpadu]]
* [[Paradoks EPR]]
* [[Interpretasi ansambel]]
* [[Daftar benda yang dinamai menurut Albert Einstein|Daftar konsep lainnya]]
}}
| awards = {{Plainlist|
* [[Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science|Medali Barnard]] (1920)
* [[Nobel Fisika]] (1921)
* [[Medali Matteucci]] (1921)
* [[Fellow of the Royal Society|ForMemRS]] (1921)<ref name="frs" />
* [[Medali Copley]] (1925)<ref name="frs" />
* [[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]] (1926)
* [[Medali Max Planck]] (1929)
* [[Member of the National Academy of Sciences]] (1942)
* [[Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century|Tokoh Abad Ini ''Time'']] (1999)
}}
| signature = Albert Einstein signature 1934.svg
| influences = {{Plainlist|
* [[Arthur Schopenhauer]]
* [[Baruch Spinoza]]
* [[Bernhard Riemann]]
* [[David Hume]]
* [[Ernst Mach]]
* [[Hendrik Lorentz]]
* [[Hermann Minkowski]]
* [[Isaac Newton]]
* [[James Clerk Maxwell]]
* [[Michele Besso]]
* [[Moritz Schlick]]
* [[Thomas Young (ilmuwan)|Thomas Young]]
}}
}}
▲
Menjelang awal kariernya, Einstein berpendapat bahwa [[mekanika Newton]] tak lagi mampu menyatukan hukum mekanika klasik dengan hukum [[medan elektromagnetik]]. Hal ini mendorongnya mengembangkan [[teori relativitas khusus]] saat bekerja di [[Kantor Paten Swiss]] di [[Bern]] (1902–1909). Tetapi, ia kemudian menyadari bahwa prinsip relativitas juga dapat diperluas cakupannya pada medan gravitasi, dan ia menerbitkan sebuah makalah mengenai [[relativitas umum]] pada tahun 1916 dengan teorinya tentang gravitasi. Einstein terus meneliti masalah [[mekanika statistika]] dan teori kuantum, yang mengarah pada penjelasannya mengenai teori partikel dan [[Gerak Brown|gerak molekul]]. Einstein juga meneliti kandungan termal cahaya yang meletakkan dasar bagi teori [[foton]] cahaya. Pada tahun 1917, ia menerapkan teori relativitas umum untuk memodelkan struktur alam semesta.<ref name="Nobel">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/advanced-physicsprize2011.pdf|title=Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2011. The accelerating universe|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Nobel Media AB|page=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516052710/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/advanced-physicsprize2011.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2012|dead-url=|accessdate=4 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20151124">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=A Century Ago, Einstein's Theory of Relativity Changed Everything |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/24/science/a-century-ago-einsteins-theory-of-relativity-changed-everything.html |date=24 November 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=24 November 2015 }}</ref>
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