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←Membuat halaman berisi '{{Infobox settlement | name = Kafr Bir'im | native_name = كفر برعم | native_name_lang = ar | other_name = Kef...'
Baris 9:
| imagesize = 200px
| image_caption = Gereja Kafr Bir'im
| etymology = Desa Bir'im<ref>Palmer, 1881, phlm. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/76/mode/1up 76]</ref>
<!-- maps and coordinates -->
| pushpin_map = Mandatory Palestine | pushpin_map_caption = Location within [[Mandatory Palestine]] | image_map = {{Historical map series|default=2|date1=1870s|date2=1940s|date3=modern|date4=1940s with modern overlay|width=225}} | map_caption = A series of historical maps of the area around {{PAGENAME}} (click the buttons)
| pushpin_map = Mandatory Palestine
| pushpin_mapsize = 200
| coordinates = {{coord|33|02|37|N|35|24|51|E|type:city_region:ILPS|display=inline,title}}
| grid_name = [[grid Palestina|Grid&nbsp;Palestina]]
| grid_position = 189/272
<!-- location -->
| subdivision_type = [[Entitas geopolitik]]Negara
| subdivision_name = [[Mandat Britania atas Palestina]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Daftar distrik di Mandat Palestina|Subdistrik]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Subdistrik Safad, Mandat PalestinaBritania atas Palesitna|Safad]]
<!-- established -->
| established_title1 = TanggalPenduduk pengosongandiusir pasukan [[Yishuv]]
| established_date1 = Awal November 1948<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR16 xvi], village #38. Also gives cause of depopulation.</ref>
<!-- area -->
Baris 31:
| population_total = 710<ref name=1945p10>Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p10.jpg 10]</ref>
<!-- blank fields (section 1) -->
| blank_name_sec1 blank3_name_sec1 = SebabSatuan wilayah saat pengosonganini
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Bar'am]]<ref>Morris, 2004, phlm. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR22 xxii], settlement #160</ref><ref name="Khalidi461"/> [[Dovev]]<ref name="Khalidi461">Khalidi, 1992, phlm. 461</ref>▼
| blank_info_sec1 = Pengusiran oleh pasukan [[Yishuv]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Wilayah saat ini
▲| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Bar'am]]<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR22 xxii], settlement #160</ref><ref name="Khalidi461"/> [[Dovev]]<ref name="Khalidi461">Khalidi, 1992, p. 461</ref>
}}
'''Kafr Bir'im''', ataujuga disebut '''Kefr Berem''' ({{lang-ar|كفر برعم}}, {{lang-he-n|כְּפַר בִּרְעָם}}), adalah sebuah desa Arab Palestina di [[MandatKristen Palestina]], yang terletakpernah berdiri di utarawilayah [[Israel]] modern.utara, Desasekitar tersebut4 berjarak {{convert|4|km|mi|sp=us}} dari selatan perbatasan dengan [[Lebanon]]. Pada tahun 1945, terdapat 710 orang yang tinggal di desa ini dan {{convert|11sebagian besar adalah umat Kristen Palestina.5|km|mi|sp=us}} dariPada barattahun laut1948, [[Safed]]penduduk desa ini diusir oleh tentara Israel. DesaPada tersebuttahun berada1992, disatu-satunya ketinggianstruktur {{convert|750|m|ft|sp=us}}yang dimasih atastersisa permukaanadalah lautgereja desa dengan menara loncengnya.
 
==Referensi Sejarah ==
Desa Kafr Bir'im sudah ada sejak zaman kuno. Menurut tradisi Yahudi, [[Pinchas ben Yair]] (abad ke-2 M) dikebumikan di Kfar Bir'im.<ref>''Burial Places of the Fathers'', diterbitkan oleh Yehuda Levi Nahum in book: ''Ṣohar la-ḥasifat ginzei teiman'' (Heb. '''צהר לחשיפת גנזי תימן'''), Tel-Aviv 1986, hlm. 252</ref> Tidak diketahui secara pasti kapan orang Yahudi meninggalkan desa ini, tetapi kemungkinan peristiwa tersebut terjadi antara abad ke-7 hingga ke-13.<ref>Judaism in late antiquity, Jacob Neusner, Bertold Spuler, Hady R Idris, BRILL, 2001, hlm. 155</ref><ref name="Steven Fine 2005, pp. 13-14">Art and Judaism in the Greco-Roman world: toward a new Jewish archaeology, Steven Fine, Cambridge University Press, 2005, hlm. 13-14</ref> Setelah sempat dihuni oleh umat Muslim,<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, hlm. 175</ref> pada abad ke-19 desa ini dihuni oleh orang Kristen Palestina dari aliran [[Maronit]] dan [[Melkit]].<ref name="books.google.com">Robinson and Smith, 1856, hlm. [https://archive.org/stream/laterbiblicalre01smitgoog#page/n117/mode/1up 68]-71</ref>
{{reflist|25em}}▼
 
Desa ini mengalami kerusakan besar akibat [[gempa bumi Galilea 1837]].<ref>"[http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/1595/1/09%20ambraseys.pdf The earthquake of 1 January 1837 in Southern Lebanon and Northern Palestine]" by N. N. Ambraseys, in Annali di Geofisica, August 1997, hlm.933.</ref> Menurut daftar penduduk dari tahun 1887, desa ''Kefr Bir’im'' dihuni oleh sekitar 1.285 orang Kristen.<ref>Schumacher, 1888, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme19pale#page/n215/mode/1up 190]</ref> Pada tahun 1945, jumlah penduduknya tercatat sebesar 710 jiwa, dengan 10 di antaranya adalah orang Muslim dan 700 orang Kristen.<ref name=1945p10/>
==Daftar pustaka==▼
 
Tentara Israel merebut desa ini pada 31 Oktober 1948 selama [[Operasi Hiram]]. Penduduk desa ini kemudian dipaksa pergi.<ref>[[Benny Morris]] (2004): ''The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited'', {{ISBN|0-521-00967-7}}, hlm. XXII, settlement #160.</ref> Pada tahun 1949, karena musuh sering menyusup masuk dari perbatasan dengan Lebanon, para penduduk desa dilarang kembali ke kampung halaman mereka.<ref>Palestine's border wars, 1949-1956: Arab infiltration, Israeli retaliation, and the countdown to the Suez War, Benny Morris, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, 1997, hlm. 124</ref> Pada 16 Juni 1949, [[Kibbutz]] [[Bar'am]] didirikan oleh serdadu [[Palmach]] yang sudah didemobilisasi tidak jauh dari lokasi desa ini.
 
Pada tahun 1953, warga Kafr Bir'im mengajukan perkara ke [[Mahkamah Agung Israel]] agar mereka dapat pulang ke desa mereka. Mahkamah Agung Israel memutuskan bahwa pemerintah harus memberikan jawaban resmi kenapa warga desa tidak diperbolehkan pulang. Pada 16 September 1953, desa ini dihancurkan dan 1.170 [[hektare]] lahan disita negara.<ref name="Jiryis">[[Sabri Jiryis]]: "Kouetz 307 (27. Aug. 1953): 1419"</ref>
 
== Catatan kaki ==
▲{{reflist|25em}}
 
▲== Daftar pustaka ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book | editor =Barron, J.B. | title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922|url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 | publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923 }}
*{{cite book|title=Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land Since 1948|url=https://archive.org/details/sacredlandscapeb00benvrich|url-access=registration|first=M.|last=Benvenisti|authorlinkauthor-link=Meron Benvenisti|others=Maxine Kaufman-Lacusta (translator)|year=2000|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=0-520-92882-2}}
*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|authorlink1author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|authorlink2author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp01conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|volume=1}}
* [[Elias Chacour|Chacour, E.]]: "''Blood Brothers. A Palestinian Struggles for Reconciliation in the Middle East''" {{ISBN|0-8007-9321-8}} with Hazard, David, and [[James Baker|Baker III, James A.]], Secretary (Foreword by) 2nd Expanded ed. 2003.
*[[William Dalrymple (historian)|Dalrymple, W.]] (1997): ''[[From the Holy Mountain]]'', Harper Collins, {{ISBN|0-00-255509-3}} p.&nbsp;[https://books.google.com/books?id=q7lqnF4NRA0C&pg=PA268 268]-9, [https://books.google.com/books?id=q7lqnF4NRA0C&pg=PA271 271], [https://books.google.com/books?id=q7lqnF4NRA0C&pg=PA275 275]-6, [https://books.google.com/books?id=q7lqnF4NRA0C&pg=PA363 363], [https://books.google.com/books?id=q7lqnF4NRA0C&pg=PA365 365]-72. Dalrymple interviewed Sarah Daou from Kafr Bir'im and goes there to find her relatives.
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Department of Statistics|year=1945|publisher=Government of Palestine}}
*{{cite book|title=Art and Judaism in the Greco-Roman world: toward a new Jewish archaeology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8J06NLqRfIC|first=S. |last=Fine|authorlinkauthor-link=Steven Fine |publisher= Cambridge University Press|year= 2005|isbn= 0521844916}}
*{{cite book|title=Dispossessed. The Ordeal of the Palestinians |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2ugAAAAMAAJ |first=David|last=Gilmour |year=1982|publisher=Sphere books|isbn = 9780722138427}} pp.&nbsp;102–103
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|authorlinkauthor-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr00gugoog|volume=3: Galilee, pt. 2|year=1880|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=Frenchfr}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|authorlinkauthor-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}
*{{cite book | last1= Hütteroth |first1=Wolf-Dieter |first2=Kamal | last2=Abdulfattah | title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ | year = 1977 | publisher = Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft|isbn= 3-920405-41-2}}
*[[Sabri Jiryis|Jiryis, S.]]: ''The Arabs in Israel'' 1st American edition 1976 {{ISBN|0-85345-377-2}} (updated from the 1966 ed.) With a foreword by [[Noam Chomsky]]. (First English edition; Beirut, Institute for Palestine Studies, 1968). Chapter 4.
*{{cite book|title=All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ |first=W.|last=Khalidi|authorlinkauthor-link=Walid Khalidi|year=1992|location=[[Washington D.C.]]|publisher=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]]|isbn=0-88728-224-5}}
*{{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932}}
*[[Benny Morris|Morris, B.]] and [[Ian Black (journalist)|Black, I.]] (1991): ''[[Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services]]'' (Grove Press, 1991) {{ISBN|0-8021-1159-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Morris |first=B.|authorlinkauthor-link=Benny Morris|year=1994|title= [[1948 and after; Israel and the Palestinians]] |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
*{{cite book|title=Israel's Border Wars, 1949 - 1956. Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation, and the Countdown to the Suez War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YUthqHRF-m8C |authorlinkauthor-link=Benny Morris|first=B.|last=Morris|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1997| isbn= 0-19-829262-7}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C |first=B. |last=Morris |authorlinkauthor-link=Benny Morris |year=2004 |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited|isbn=978-0-521-00967-6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|authorlinkauthor-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}
*{{cite thesis|type=PhD |last=Rhode |first=H.|authorlinkauthor-link=Harold Rhode
|date=1979 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2026845 |title=Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century |publisher=[[Columbia University]]}}
*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|authorlink1author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|authorlink2author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838| location=Boston|publisher=[[Crocker & Brewster]]|volume=3}}
*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|authorlink1author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|authorlink2author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1856|url=https://archive.org/details/laterbiblicalre01smitgoog |title=Later Biblical Researches in Palestine and adjacent regions: A Journal of Travels in the year 1852| location=London|publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]}}
*{{cite journal | last = Schumacher | first =G.| authorlinkauthor-link = Gottlieb Schumacher | title = Population list of the Liwa of Akka | journal = Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund | volume = 20 | pages = 169–191 | url = https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale | year = 1888}}
*{{cite book |last= Yazbak |first=M.|authorlinkauthor-link=Mahmoud Yazbak |title=Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period, A Muslim Town in Transition, 1864–1914 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DPseCvbPsKsC |publisher=Brill Academic Pub |year=1998 |isbn=90-04-11051-8}}
{{refend}}
 
{{israel-geo-stub}}
==Pranala luar==
*[http://electronicintifada.net/tags/kufr-birim Kufr Birim], from Electronic Intifada
*[http://www.palestineremembered.com/Safad/Kafr-Bir'im Welcome To Kafr Bir'im]
*[http://www.zochrot.org/en/village/49225 Kafr Bir'im], [[Zochrot]]
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 4: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8367 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.04.jpg Wikimedia commons]
*[http://www.alnakba.org/villages/safad/birim.htm Kafr Bir'im], from the [[Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center]]
*[http://www.jalili48.com/pub/EN_ShowGallary.asp?GName=What_Remained_of_the_destroyed&SuName=Kufr_Bir3em Kufr Bir3em], from Dr. Moslih Kanaaneh
*[http://www.villagesofpalestine.com/KafrBirim.htm Kafr Bir’im], Dr. Khalil Rizk.
*[http://www.nakbainhebrew.org/index.php?id=156 A visit to Bir’im with the Bir'im children's summer camp] by Miki Levi (31/7/2004), from [[Zochrot]]
*[http://www.nakbainhebrew.org/index.php?id=225 The right of return, colored in pink] by Ronit Sela, Bir'im (6/8/2005) from Zochrot
*[http://www.nakbainhebrew.org/index.php?id=626 Visit to Birem Summer Camp] by Eitan Bronstein, (9.8.2007) from Zochrot
 
[[Kategori:Distrik Safad]]
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