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{{Terjemah-Inggris}}{{short description|Probe ruang angkasa; objek buatan manusia terjauh dari Bumi}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = ''Voyager 1''
| image = Voyager spacecraft model.png
| image_caption = Model rancangan wahana antariksa Voyager
| image_alt = Model pesawat ruang angkasa Voyager, pesawat ruang angkasa bertubuh kecil dengan antena besar dan banyak lengan serta antena yang memanjang darinya
| mission_type = Planet luar, heliosfer, dan penjelajahan medium antarbintang
| operator = [[NASA]] / [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
| website = {{url|https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/}}
| COSPAR_ID = 1977-084A<ref name="nasa.084A">{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1977-084A |title=Voyager 1 |publisher=NASA/NSSDC |work=NSSDC Master Catalog |accessdate=26 Desember 2019 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
| SATCAT = 10321<ref name="n2yo.10321">{{cite web |url=https://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=10321 |title=Voyager 1 |publisher=N2YO |accessdate=26 Desember 2019}}</ref>
| mission_duration = {{plainlist|
* {{nowrap|{{time interval|5 September 1977 12:56:00|show=ymd|sep=,}} berjalan}}
* <small>Misi planet: {{time interval|5 September 1977|14 December 1980|show=ymd|sep=,}}</small>
* <small>Misi antarbintang: {{time interval|14 December 1980|show=ymd|sep=,}} berjalan (masih berlanjut)</small>
}}
| spacecraft_type = [[Program Mariner]] Jupiter-Saturnus
| manufacturer = Jet Propulsion Laboratory
| dry_mass =
| launch_mass = {{convert|825.5|kg|abbr=on}}
| power = 470&nbsp;watt (saat peluncuran)
| launch_date = {{start-date|5 September 1977, 19:56:00|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;[[WIB]]
| launch_rocket = [[Titan IIIE]]
| launch_site = [[Stasiun Angkatan Udara Cape Canaveral|Cape Canaveral]] [[Kompleks 41 Peluncuran Luar Angkasa Stasiun Angkatan Udara Cape Canaveral|LC-41]]
| launch_contractor =
| last_contact = <!-- {{end-date|[date]}} -->
| decay_date =
| interplanetary =
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
| type = flyby
| object = [[Jupiter]]
| distance = {{convert|349000|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| arrival_date = 5 Maret 1979
}}
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
| type = flyby
| object = [[Saturnus]]
| distance = {{convert|124000|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| arrival_date = 12 November 1980
}}
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
| type = flyby
| object = [[Titan (bulan)|Titan]]
|note = studi atmosfer
| distance = {{convert|6490|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| arrival_date = 12 November 1980
}}
 
| programme = [[Program Flagship|Flagship]]
| previous_mission = ''[[Voyager 2]]''
| next_mission = ''[[Galileo (wahana antariksa)|Galileo]]''
}}
 
'''Voyager 1''' adalah sebuah [[Wahana antariksa tak berawak|wahana antariksa nirawak]] yang diluncurkan pada [[5 September]] [[1977]] oleh [[NASA]]. Voyager 1 merupakan bagian dari [[program Voyager]] yang bertujuan untuk mempelajari [[Tata Surya]] bagian luar, yang diluncurkan 16 hari setelah kembarannya, [[Voyager 2]]. Setelah beroperasi selama {{time interval|5 September 1977 12:56:00|show=ymd}} per {{date|2=DMY}}, wahana ini masih berkomunikasi dengan [[Deep Space Network]] untuk menerima perintah rutin dan untuk mengirimkan data ke Bumi. Dengan jarak {{Convert|148.61|AU|e9km e9mi|sigfig=3|abbr=unit|lk=on}} dari Bumi pada per 12 Maret 2020<ref name="voyager">{{cite web |url=https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status/ |title=Voyager - Mission Status |last= |first= |date= |work=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=December 26, 2019}}</ref>, wahana ini menjadi objek buatan manusia terjauh dari Bumi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/solarsystem/space_missions/voyager_1 |title=Voyager 1 |work=[[BBC]] Solar System |accessdate=September 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203195855/http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/solarsystem/space_missions/voyager_1 |archive-date=February 3, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
Sasaran wahana ini termasuk penerbangan melintasi [[Jupiter]], [[Saturnus]], dan satelit terbesar Saturnus, [[Titan (satelit)|Titan]]. Meskipun perjalanan wahana ini dapat diubah agar dapat melewati [[Pluto]] dengan membatalkan penerbangan melintasi Titan, penjelajahan satelit tersebut menjadi prioritas karena memiliki atmosfer substansial.<ref name="faq"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/07/new-horizons-pluto-historic-kuiper-encounter/ |title=New Horizons conducts flyby of Pluto in historic Kuiper Belt encounter |accessdate=2 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="SD">{{cite web |url=http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/What_If_Voyager_Had_Explored_Pluto_999.html |title=What If Voyager Had Explored Pluto? |accessdate=2 September 2015}}</ref> Voyager 1 mempelajari cuaca, medan magnet, dan cincin dari dua planet sekaligus merupakan wahana pertama yang menunjukkan citra-citra terperinci [[satelit alami]] kedua planet tersebut.
 
Setelah menyelesaikan misi utamanya dengan terbang melintasi Saturnus pada 12 November 1980, Voyager 1 menjadi yang [[Daftar objek buatan yang meninggalkan Tata Surya|ketiga dari lima objek buatan]] yang mencapai [[kecepatan lepas]] yang dibutuhkan untuk dapat [[Tata Surya#Daerah terjauh|meninggalkan Tata Surya]].{{cn|date=Juli 2019}} Pada 25 Agustus 2012, Voyager 1 menjadi wahana antariksa pertama yang melewati [[heliosfer]] dan memasuki [[medium antarbintang]].<ref name="NYT-20130912">{{cite news |last=Barnes |first=Brooks |title=In a Breathtaking First, NASA Craft Exits the Solar System |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/13/science/in-a-breathtaking-first-nasa-craft-exits-the-solar-system.html |date= 12 September 2013 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=12 September 2013}}</ref>
 
== Mission background ==
 
=== History ===
In the 1960s, a [[Planetary Grand Tour|Grand Tour]] to study the outer planets was proposed which prompted NASA to begin work on a mission in the early 1970s.<ref name="NASA.1960">{{cite web |url=http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/index.html |title=1960s |publisher=JPL |accessdate=August 18, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208070306/http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/index.html |archivedate=December 8, 2012}}</ref> Information gathered by the ''[[Pioneer 10]]'' spacecraft helped ''Voyager''<nowiki/>'s engineers design ''Voyager'' to cope more effectively with the intense radiation environment around Jupiter.<ref name="rad">{{cite web |title=The Pioneer missions |date=2007 |publisher=NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html |accessdate=August 19, 2013}}</ref> However, shortly before launch, strips of kitchen-grade [[aluminum foil]] were applied to certain cabling to further enhance radiation shielding.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://informal.jpl.nasa.gov/museum/content/preview-screening-farthest-voyager-space |title=Preview Screening: The Farthest - Voyager in Space |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=August 2017 |website=informal.jpl.nasa.gov |publisher=NASA Museum Alliance |access-date=August 18, 2019 |quote=supermarket aluminum foil added at the last minute to protect the craft from radiation}}</ref>
 
Initially, ''Voyager 1'' was planned as "''Mariner 11''" of the [[Mariner program]]. Due to budget cuts, the mission was scaled back to be a flyby of Jupiter and Saturn and renamed the Mariner Jupiter-Saturn probes. As the program progressed, the name was later changed to Voyager, since the probe designs began to differ greatly from previous Mariner missions.<ref name="goo.win">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0j-4d73jQFEC&pg=PA251 |page=251 |chapter=Chapter 11 |title=From engineering science to big science: The NACA and NASA Collier Trophy research project winners |isbn=978-0-16-049640-0 |last=Mack |first=Pamela |work=History Office |year=1998}}</ref>
 
=== Spacecraft components ===
{{Main|Voyager program#Spacecraft design}}
[[Berkas:Voyager Program - High-gain antenna diagram.png|jmpl|kiri|lurus|The {{convert|3.7|m|abbr=on}} diameter [[Directional antenna|high gain dish antenna]] used on the ''Voyager'' craft|160px]]
 
''Voyager 1'' was constructed by the [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]].<ref name="Landau CNN">{{cite news |last=Landau |first=Elizabeth |title=Voyager 1 becomes first human-made object to leave solar system |work=CNN |publisher=CNN |date=October 2, 2013 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/12/tech/innovation/voyager-solar-system/ |accessdate=May 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://tools.wmflabs.org/makeref/ |title=NASA Spacecraft Embarks on Historic Journey into Interstellar Space |work=NASA |date=September 12, 2013 |accessdate=May 29, 2014 |quote=NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft officially is the first human-made object to venture into interstellar space.}}</ref><ref name="Trailblazer">{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/viking/viking30_fs.html |title=Viking: Trailblazer for All Mars Research |work=NASA |date=June 22, 2006 |accessdate=May 29, 2014 |quote=All of these missions relied on Viking technologies. As it did for the [[Viking program]] team in 1976, Mars continues to hold a special fascination. Thanks to the dedication of men and women working at NASA centers across the country, the mysterious Mars of our past is becoming a much more familiar place.}}</ref> It has 16 [[hydrazine]] thrusters, [[three-axis stabilization]] [[gyroscopes]], and [[Attitude control|referencing instruments]] to keep the probe's radio antenna pointed toward Earth. Collectively, these instruments are part of the Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem (AACS), along with redundant units of most instruments and 8 backup thrusters.<!-- cn --> The spacecraft also included 11 scientific instruments to study celestial objects such as [[planets]] as it travels through space.<ref name="PDS-Host">{{cite web |url=https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/ |title=VOYAGER 1:Host Information |date=1989 |publisher=JPL |accessdate=April 29, 2015}}</ref>
 
==== Communication system ====
 
The radio [[communication system]] of ''Voyager 1'' was designed to be used up to and beyond the limits of the [[Solar System]]. The communication system includes a {{convert|3.7|m|sp=us|adj=on}} [[diameter]] high gain [[Cassegrain antenna]] to send and receive [[radio waves]] via the three [[Deep Space Network]] stations on the Earth.<ref name="nasa.hga">{{cite web |url=https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/instruments_hga.html |title=High Gain Antenna |publisher=JPL |accessdate=August 18, 2013}}</ref> The craft normally transmits data to Earth over Deep Space Network Channel 18, using a frequency of either 2.3&nbsp;GHz or 8.4&nbsp;GHz, while signals from Earth to ''Voyager'' are transmitted at 2.1&nbsp;GHz.<ref name="nasa.tele">{{cite web |last=Ludwig |first=Roger |last2=Taylor |first2=Jim |title=Voyager Telecommunications |work=DESCANSO Design and Performance Summary Series |publisher=NASA/JPL |date=March 2002 |url=https://descanso.jpl.nasa.gov/DPSummary/Descanso4--Voyager_new.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2013}}</ref>
 
When ''Voyager 1'' is unable to communicate directly with the Earth, its digital [[Magnetic storage|tape]] recorder (DTR) can record about 64 kilobytes of data for transmission at another time.<ref name="nasa.77.136">{{cite web |title=NASA News Press Kit 77–136 |publisher=JPL/NASA |url=http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?action=dlattach;topic=9476.0;attach=591860 |accessdate=December 15, 2014}}</ref> Signals from ''Voyager 1'' take over 20 hours to reach Earth.<ref name="voyager" />
 
 
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = ''Voyager 1 ''
| image = [[Berkas:Voyager spacecraft model.png|300px]]
| image_caption = Model rancangan wahana antariksa ''Voyager''
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{{Program Voyager}}
 
[[Kategori:Wahana antariksa yangtak diluncurkan tahun 1977berawak]]
[[Kategori:Pesawat luar angkasa yang diluncurkan tahun 1977]]
[[Kategori:Penerbangan luar angkasa tahun 1977]]
[[Kategori:Wahana antariksa NASA]]
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