Charles Darwin: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Minat awal Darwin di alam membuatnya mengabaikan [[pendidikan kedokteran]] yang dia tempuh di [[Universitas Edinburgh]]. Dia justru membantu penelitian [[invertebrata]] laut. Studinya di [[Universitas Cambridge]] ([[Christ's College, Cambridge|Christ's College]]) mendorong ketertarikannya terhadap [[ilmu alam]].<ref name="whowas">{{Harvnb|Leff|2000|loc=[http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/WhoWas.html About Charles Darwin]}}</ref> [[Pelayaran kedua HMS Beagle|Pelayarannya selama lima tahun]] di {{HMS|Beagle}} mengukuhkan dirinya sebagai ahli geologi terkemuka yang observasi dan teorinya mendukung ide [[Uniformitarianisme|uniformitarian]] [[Charles Lyell]] dan publikasi [[The Voyage of the Beagle|jurnal tentang pelayaran]] itu membuatnya terkenal sebagai penulis populer.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 210, 284–285}}</ref>
Darwin memulai penyelidikan rinci dan pada 1838 menyusun teorinya tentang seleksi alam setelah merasa bingung dengan distribusi geografis satwa liar dan [[fosil]] yang ia kumpulkan dalam pelayaran.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=263–274}}</ref> Meskipun ia membahas ide-idenya dengan beberapa naturalis, ia butuh waktu untuk penelitian dan masih memiliki pekerjaan geologi.<ref>{{harvnb|van Wyhe|2007|pp=184, 187}}</ref> Ia menuliskan teorinya pada tahun 1858 ketika [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] mengirimnya esai yang menggambarkan ide yang sama. Hal ini mendorong publikasi bersama dari [[On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection|kedua teori mereka]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1 = Beddall |first1 = B. G. |title = Wallace, Darwin, and the Theory of Natural Selection |journal = Journal of the History of Biology |volume = 1 |issue = 2 |pages = 261–323 |year = 1968 |doi = 10.1007/BF00351923 |url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/n1gh3n4474th3385/fulltext.pdf |format = PDF |access-date = 2015-12-31 |archive-date = 2012-10-30 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121030050913/http://www.springerlink.com/content/n1gh3n4474th3385/fulltext.pdf |dead-url = yes }}</ref> Karya Darwin mendirikan penurunan dengan modifikasi evolusioner sebagai penjelasan ilmiah yang dominan dari diversifikasi di alam.<!-- tidak jelas maksudnya --><ref name = JvW/> Pada tahun 1871 ia membahas [[evolusi manusia]] dan [[seleksi seksual]] dalam ''[[The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex]]'', diikuti oleh ''[[The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals]]''. Penelitiannya pada tanaman diterbitkan dalam serangkaian buku. Dalam buku terakhirnya, ia membahas [[cacing tanah]] dan efeknya pada tanah.<ref>{{Harvnb|Freeman|1977}}</ref>
Darwin terkenal secara internasional dan telah digambarkan sebagai salah satu tokoh paling berpengaruh dalam sejarah manusia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newscientist.com/special/darwin-200|title=Special feature: Darwin 200|accessdate=2 April 2011|work=New Scientist}}</ref> Dia dihormati sebagai ilmuwan dengan pemakaman di [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref name=DarwinsBurial>{{Harvnb|Leff|2000|loc=[http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/burial.html Darwin's Burial]}}<br/>{{Harvnb|van Wyhe|2008b|pp=60–61}}</ref>
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* {{cite book|last=Desmond|first=Adrian|authorlink=Adrian Desmond|last2=Moore|first2=James|author2-link=James Moore (biographer)|url-status=live|date=|year=1991|url=|title=Darwin|location=London|publisher=Michael Joseph, Penguin Group|isbn=0-7181-3430-3|pages=|Ref={{Sfnref|Desmond & Moore|1991}}|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Desmond|first=Adrian|author-link=|last2=Moore|first2=James|author2-link=James Moore (biographer)|url-status=live|last3=Browne|first3=Janet|date=|year=2004|url=|title=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]|publication-place=Oxford, England|pages=|location=|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/7176|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Desmond|first=Adrian|authorlink=Adrian Desmond|last2=Moore|first2=James|author2-link=James Moore (biographer)|url-status=live|date=|year=2009|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=VTNIBQAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Darwin's sacred cause : race, slavery and the quest for human origins|location=London|publisher=Allen Lane
* {{cite journal
|last = Dobzhansky
Baris 236:
|first = Niles
|author-link = Niles Eldredge
|date =
|year = 2006 |title = Confessions of a Darwinist
|periodical = The Virginia Quarterly Review
|volume =
|issue = Spring 2006 |pages = 32–53
|doi =
|journal=|accessdate =4 November 2008|ref=harv}}▼
|journal =
|ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book|last=FitzRoy|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Fitzroy|date=|year=1839|title=Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle, Volume II|publication-place=London|pages=|location=|publisher=Henry Colburn|isbn=|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F10.2&viewtype=text&pageseq=1|accessdate=4 November 2008|url-status=live|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Freeman|first=R. B.|author-link=R. B. Freeman|date=|year=1977|title=The Works of Charles Darwin: An Annotated Bibliographical Handlist|publication-place=Folkestone|pages=|location=|publisher=Wm Dawson & Sons Ltd|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=A1&viewtype=text&pageseq=1|accessdate=4 November 2008|url-status=live|ref=harv|isbn=0-208-01658-9}}
Baris 248 ⟶ 254:
* {{cite journal
|last =Herbert
|first =
|date =
|year = |title =The red notebook of Charles Darwin
|journal =Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)
|series =Historical Series
|volume =
|issue = |pages =1–164
|doi =
|accessdate =11 January 2009
|ref =harv
}}
* {{cite journal
|last =Herbert
|first =
|date =
|year = |title =Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author
|journal =British Journal for the History of Science
|issue =
|pages =159–192
|url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A342&pageseq=1
|accessdate =24 October 2008
|ref =harv |doi =10.1017/S0007087400027060
|volume =24
Baris 273 ⟶ 285:
* {{cite book|last=Keynes|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Keynes|date=|year=2000|title=Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle.|location=|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1840&viewtype=text&pageseq=1|accessdate=22 November 2008|url-status=live|ref=harv|isbn=0-521-46569-9|pages=}}
* {{cite book|last=Keynes|first=Richard|date=|year=2001|title=Charles Darwin's Beagle Diary|location=|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1925&viewtype=text&pageseq=1|accessdate=24 October 2008|url-status=live|ref=harv|isbn=0-521-23503-0|pages=}}
* {{cite web|last=Kotzin|first=Daniel|date=|year=2004|title=Point-Counterpoint: Social Darwinism|publisher=Columbia American History Online|url=http://caho-test.cc.columbia.edu/pcp/14008.html|website=|accessdate=22 November 2008|ref=harv|archive-date=2011-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719072856/http://caho-test.cc.columbia.edu/pcp/14008.html|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite book|last=Larson|first=Edward J.|authorlink=Edward Larson|url-status=live|url=|title=Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory|location=|publisher=Modern Library|date=|year=2004|isbn=0-679-64288-9|pages=|ref=harv}}
* {{cite web|last=Leff|first=David|date=|year=2000|title=AboutDarwin.com|url=http://www.aboutdarwin.com/index.html|website=|edition=2000–2008|accessdate=30 December 2008|ref=harv|archive-date=2013-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828111301/http://www.aboutdarwin.com/index.html|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite journal
|last = Leifchild
|first =
|date = 19 November 1859 |title = Review of 'Origin'
|periodical = [[Athenaeum (magazine)|Athenaeum]]
|volume =
|issue = 1673 |pages =
|pages=|doi=|url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=image&itemID=CUL-DAR226.1.8&pageseq=1▼
|doi =
|journal=|accessdate =22 November 2008|ref=harv}}▼
▲
|journal =
|ref = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
|last = Miles
|first = Sara Joan
|date
|year = 2001
|title = Charles Darwin and Asa Gray Discuss Teleology and Design |journal = ''[[Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith]]''
|volume = 53
|issue =
|pages = 196–201 |doi =
|accessdate = 22 November 2008
|ref = harv
}}
* {{cite news|last=Moore|first=James|author-link=James Moore (biographer)|date=|year=2005|title=Darwin – A 'Devil's Chaplain'?|publisher=American Public Media|url=http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/moore-devilschaplain.pdf|format=PDF|work=|accessdate=22 November 2008|ref=harv}}
* {{cite news|last=Moore|first=James|date=|year=2006|title=Evolution and Wonder – Understanding Charles Darwin|series=Speaking of Faith (Radio Program)|publisher=American Public Media|url=http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/transcript.shtml|work=|accessdate=22 November 2008|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Owen|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Owen|url-status=live|date=|year=1840|editor-last=Darwin|editor-first=C. R.|url=|title=Fossil Mammalia Part 1|series=The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle|pages=|location=London|publisher=Smith Elder and Co|isbn=|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Paul|first=Diane B.|date=|year=2003|contribution=Darwin, social Darwinism and eugenics|editor-last=Hodge|editor-first=Jonathan|editor2-last=Radick|editor2-first=Gregory|url-status=live|url=|title=The Cambridge Companion to Darwin|location=|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=214–239|isbn=0-521-77730-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Homer W.|date=|year=1952|url=https://archive.org/details/manhisgods00smit|title=Man and His Gods|location=|publisher=New York: Grosset & Dunlap
* {{cite web|last=Smith|first=Charles H.|title=Alfred Russel Wallace on Spiritualism, Man, and Evolution: An Analytical Essay|date=|year=1999|url=http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/essays/ARWPAMPH.htm|website=|accessdate=7 December 2008|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal
|last = Sulloway
|first = Frank J.
|author-link = Frank Sulloway
|date
|year = 1982
|title = Darwin and His Finches: The Evolution of a Legend |journal = Journal of the History of Biology
|volume = 15
|issue = 1
|pages = 1–53
|format = PDF
|url = http://www.sulloway.org/Finches.pdf
|accessdate = 9 December 2008
|doi = 10.1007/BF00132004
|ref = harv }} * {{cite web|last=Sweet|first=William|title=Herbert Spencer|publisher=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|date=|year=2004|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/spencer/|website=|accessdate=16 December 2008|ref=harv}}
* {{cite web|last=Wilkins|first=John S.|date=|year=1997|title=Evolution and Philosophy: Does evolution make might right?|publisher=[[TalkOrigins Archive]]|url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/evolphil/social.html|website=|accessdate=22 November 2008|ref=harv}}
Baris 321 ⟶ 348:
|first = John
|title = Mind the gap: Did Darwin avoid publishing his theory for many years?
|journal = Notes and Records of the Royal Society
|volume = 61
|issue = 2
|pages = 177–205 |date = 27 March 2007
|doi = 10.1098/rsnr.2006.0171
|url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A544&pageseq=1
|accessdate = 7 February 2008
|ref = harv }}
* {{cite web|last=van Wyhe|first=John|date=|year=2008|title=Charles Darwin: gentleman naturalist: A biographical sketch|publisher=Darwin Online|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/darwin.html|website=|accessdate=17 November 2008|ref=harv}}
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