Black Panther Party: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Pada hari kelahirannya tanggal 15 Oktober 1966,<ref name="founded oct 15">{{Cite news|title=October 15, 1966: The Black Panther Party Is Founded|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/october-15-1966-the-black-panther-party-is-founded/|newspaper=The Nation|access-date=2015-12-15|issn=0027-8378}}</ref> kegiatan utama kelompok ini adalah patroli bersenjata untuk mengawasi perilaku petugas [[Departemen Kepolisian Oakland]] dan menentang [[kebrutalan polisi]] di kota tersebut. Pada tahun 1969, program sosial menjadi aktivitas utama anggota partai.<ref>{{harvnb|Austin|2006}}; {{harvnb|Bloom|Martin|2013|}}; {{harvnb|March|2010}}; {{harvnb|Joseph|2006}}</ref> Salah satu di antaranya adalah program [[Free Breakfast for Children]] (Sarapan Gratis untuk Anak-anak).<ref name="Pearson">{{harvnb|Pearson|1994|p=152}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Bloom|Martin|2013|loc=chapter 7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight against Medical Discrimination.|last=Nelson|first=Alondra|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=2011|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> Partai ini memiliki banyak anggota di kawasan Oakland-San Francisco, [[New York City|New York]], [[Chicago]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Seattle]], dan [[Philadelphia]].<ref name="depts.washington.edu">{{cite web|title=Mapping the Black Panther Party in Key Cities|url=http://depts.washington.edu/moves/BPP_map-cities.shtml|website=Mapping American Social Movements}}</ref>
Direktur [[FBI]] [[J. Edgar Hoover]] menyebut partai ini sebagai "ancaman terbesar terhadap keamanan internal negara",<ref>{{cite web |title=Hoover and the F.B.I.|url=https://www.pbs.org/hueypnewton/people/people_hoover.html|work=Luna Ray Films, LLC|publisher=PBS.org|accessdate=January 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hoover Calls Panthers Top Threat to Security|url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/147638465|accessdate=9 February 2017|work=The Washington Post|publisher=WP Company LLC d/b/a The Washington Post|date=16 July 1969}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Panthers 'threaten' U.S., Hoover says|url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/532216174|accessdate=9 February 2017|work=Afro-American|publisher=Afro - American Company of Baltimore City|date=Jul 26, 1969}}</ref> dan ia memimpin program kontraintelijen ([[COINTELPRO]]) yang melakukan pengawasan, infiltrasi, dan taktik-taktik lainnya untuk melemahkan kelompok ini. Program ini juga dituduh telah membunuh anggota-anggota partai.<ref>''Final report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, [https://archive.org/stream/finalreportofsel03unit#page/184/mode/2up United States Senate''.]</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Racial Matters: The FBI's Secret File on Black America, 1960-1972|year=1989|url=https://archive.org/details/racialmattersfbi00orei|last=O'Reilly|first=Kenneth|publisher=Free Press
Sejarah partai ini bersifat kontroversial. Terdapat pengamat yang menganggap partai ini sebagai organisasi pergerakan hak kulit hitam yang paling berpengaruh pada era 1960-an,<ref name=":2">{{harvnb|Bloom|Martin|2013|p=3}}</ref> tetapi ada pula yang mencap kelompok ini tidak lebih dari sekadar organisasi kriminal.<ref>{{harvnb|Pearson|1994|p=340}}</ref>
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== Bacaan lanjut ==
{{Refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|last=Austin|first=Curtis J.|date=2006|title=Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party|url=https://archive.org/details/upagainstwallvio00aust|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|isbn=1-55728-827-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Alkebulan|first=Paul|title=Survival Pending Revolution: The History of the Black Panther Party|location=Tuscaloosa|publisher=University of Alabama Press|date=2007|ref=harv}}
* {{cite paper|last=Barker|first=Thomas|url=http://www.counterpunch.org/2015/02/13/the-liberal-media-and-the-ideology-of-black-victimhood/|title=Black and White: The Liberal Media and the Ideology of Black Victimhood|publisher=CounterPunch|date=February 13, 2015|ref=harv}}
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* {{cite book|last1=Bloom|first1=Joshua|last2=Martin|first2=Waldo E. Jr.|title=Black against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party|url={{google books|id=nWTH2Npul8MC|p=315|plainurl=yes}}|year=2013|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520953543|page=315|accessdate=2015-12-16|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Brown|first=Elaine|year=1993|title=A Taste of Power: A Black Woman's Story|publisher=Anchor|isbn= 0-679-41944-6|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Churchill|first1=Ward|last2=Vander Wall|first2=Jim|date=1988|title=Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret War Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement|url=https://archive.org/details/agentso_chu_1988_00_5587|publisher=[[South End Press]]|isbn=0-89608-294-6|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Dooley|first=Brian|date=1998|title=Black and Green: The Fight for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland and Black America|publisher=Pluto Press|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Forbes|first=Flores A.|date=2006|title=Will You Die With Me? My Life and the Black Panther Party|url=https://archive.org/details/willyoudiewithme00forb|publisher=Atria Books|isbn=0-7434-8266-2|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hilliard|first1=David|last2=Cole|first2=Lewis|date=1993|title=This Side of Glory: The Autobiography of David Hilliard and the Story of the Black Panther Party|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780316364218|publisher=Little, Brown and Co.|isbn=0-316-36421-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=John|date=1998|title=Walking with the Wind|url=https://archive.org/details/walkingwithwindm00lewi|publisher=Simon and Schuster|page=[https://archive.org/details/walkingwithwindm00lewi/page/353 353]|isbn=0-684-81065-4|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Lazerow|editor1-first=Jama|editor2-last=Williams|editor2-first=Yohuru|date=2006|title=In Search of the Black Panther Party: New Perspectives on a Revolutionary Movement|location=Durham|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-3890-1|ref=harv|url={{google books|id=mi2G28ZcmvsC|plainurl=yes}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Murch|first=Donna|title=Living for the City: Migration, Education, and the Rise of the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California|publisher=University of North Carolina|date=2010|isbn=978-0-8078-7113-3|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Pearson|first=Hugh|date=1994|title=The Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America|publisher=De Capo Press|isbn=0-201-48341-6|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Rhodes|first=Jane|title=Framing the Black Panthers: The Spectacular Rise of a Black Power Icon|url=https://archive.org/details/framingblackpant00rhod|location=New York|publisher=The New Press|date=2007|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last=Shames|first=Stephen|title=The Black Panthers|journal=Aperture|date=2006|quote=A photographic essay of the organization, allegedly suppressed due to [[Spiro Agnew]]'s intervention in 1970.|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Swirski|first=Peter|chapter=1960s The Return of the Black Panther: Irving Wallace's ''The Man''|title=Ars Americana Ars Politica|location=Montreal, London|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|date=2010|isbn=978-0-7735-3766-8|ref=harv|pages=26–56|jstor=j.ctt80bj0}}
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