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Kata ini pertama kali digunakan secara umum pada akhir abad ke-18<ref name="Prohl 2012 596">{{Harvnb|Prohl|Nelson|2012|p=596}},{{Harvnb|McCarthy|2014|p=6}}</ref> dengan diterbitkannya karya terkait seperti buku gambar ''Shiji no yukikai'' (1798) karya [[Santō Kyōden]],<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Santō Kyōden's picturebooks|url=http://heartland.geocities.jp/hamasakaba/44kyoden/}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/2534277/5?contentNo=5&itemId=info%3Andljp%2Fpid%2F2534277&__lang=en|title=Shiji no yukikai|website=Japanese National Diet Library|access-date=23 Mei 2019}}</ref> dan pada abad ke-19 dengan munculnya ''Manga hyakujo'' (1814) karya Aikawa Minwa dan kumpulan buku terkenal bertajuk ''[[Hokusai Manga]]'' (1814–1834)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dh-jac.net/db1/books-e/results.php?f39[]=%2A%2F000&f40[]=SB4738&-sortField1=f39&skip=0&enter=portal|title=Hokusai Manga (15 Vols complete)|access-date=23 Mei 2019}}</ref> yang berisi berbagai macam gambar dari buku sketsa milik [[Hokusai]]—seniman [[ukiyo-e]] terkenal.<ref name="Hokusai">{{Harvnb|Bouquillard|Marquet|2007}}</ref> [[Rakuten Kitazawa]] (1876–1955) adalah orang pertama yang menggunakan kata "manga" dalam arti modern.<ref name="Manga no Jiten">{{Harvnb|Shimizu|1985|pp=53–54, 102–103}}</ref>
 
Dalam bahasa Jepang, "manga" mengacu pada semua jenis kartun, komik, dan animasi. Bagi para penutur bahasa Inggris, "manga" memiliki arti yang lebih sempit yaitu "komik Jepang", sejalan dengan penggunaan "[[anime]]" di dalam dan di luar Jepang. Istilah "[[ani-manga]]" digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan komik yang dihasilkan dari animasi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animecornerstore.com/inuyaanno.html|title=Inu Yasha Ani-Manga Graphic Novels|website=Anime Corner Stone|date=1 November 1999|access-date=1 November 2010|archive-url=httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20101204093242/http://www.animecornerstore.com/inuyaanno.html|archive-date=4 Desember 2010-12-04|dead-url=no}}</ref>
 
== Sejarah dan karakteristik ==
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Peran gadis dan wanita dalam manga yang dibuat untuk pembaca pria telah berkembang dari waktu ke waktu, seperti menampilkan gadis cantik lajang (''[[bishōjo]]'')<ref>{{Harvnb|Perper|Cornog|2002|pp=60–63}}</ref> layaknya [[Belldandy]] dari ''[[Oh My Goddess! (manga)|Oh My Goddess!]]''. Kemudian ada cerita yang membuat para gadis dan wanita semacam itu mengelilingi sang pahlawan, seperti dalam ''[[Negima!: Magister Negi Magi|Negima]]'' dan ''[[Hanaukyo Maid Team]]'', atau kelompok prajurit wanita yang bersenjata lengkap (''sentō bishōjo'').<ref>{{Harvnb|Gardner|2003}}</ref>
 
Dengan berkurangnya penyensoran di Jepang pada tahun 1990-an, bermacam-macam materi seksual eksplisit muncul dalam manga yang ditujukan untuk pembaca pria, dan dengan demikian berlanjut ke terjemahan bahasa Inggrisnya.<ref name="PCmono">{{Harvnb|Perper|Cornog|2002}}</ref> Namun pada tahun 2010, [[Pemerintah Metropolitan Tokyo]] mengeluarkan undang-undang untuk membatasi konten seperti itu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T101213003771.htm|title=Tokyo moves a step closer to manga porn crackdown|website=The Yomiuri Shimbun|date=14 Desember 2010|access-date=14 Agustus 2019|archive-url=httphttps://archive.is/20101216082233/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T101213003771.htm|archive-date=16 Desember 2010-12-16|dead-url=no}}</ref>
 
Gaya penceritaan ''[[gekiga]]''—yang muram secara tematis, berorientasi pada orang dewasa, dan kadang-kadang sangat kejam—berfokus pada realitas kehidupan sehari-hari yang suram, sering kali digambar dengan cara kasar dan tanpa sentuhan bagus.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rosenbaum|first=Roman|url=http://imrc.jp/images/upload/lecture/data/06ROSENBAUM_Cologne.pdf|title=Gekiga as a site of Intercultural Exchange|website=Kyoto Seika University|access–date=14 Agustus 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Schodt|1986|pp=68–73}}, {{Harvnb|Gravett|2006}}</ref> Cerita ''Gekiga'' seperti ''Kronik Pencapaian Militer Ninja'' atau ''Ninja Bugeichō'' (1959–1962) karya [[Sampei Shirato]] muncul pada akhir tahun 1950-an dan 1960-an, sebagian berasal dari mahasiswa sayap kiri dan aktivisme politik kelas pekerja<ref name="SchodtG">{{Harvnb|Schodt|1986|pp=68–73}}, {{Harvnb|Gravett|2004|pp=38–42}}, {{Harvnb|Isao|2001}}</ref> dan sebagian dari ketidakpuasan estetika para mangaka muda seperti [[Yoshihiro Tatsumi]] dengan manga yang ada.<ref>{{Harvnb|Isao|2001|pp=147–149}}, {{Harvnb|Nunez|2006}}</ref>
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<!--Dalam arti tertentu, bagian ini berfokus pada bagaimana manga diterbitkan, seberapa banyak manga yang diterbitkan, dan pada dasarnya menggambarkan keadaan industri saat ini.-->
 
Di Jepang, manga menyumbang 40,6 miliar yen (sekitar 395 juta dolar AS) per tahun untuk industri penerbitan pada tahun 2007.<ref name="IndustrySize">{{Harvnb|Cube|2007}}</ref> Pada tahun 2006, penjualan manga mencapai sekitar 27% dari total penjualan buku, dan penjualan majalah manga, sebesar 20% dari total penjualan majalah.<ref name=mangatrends>{{cite web|url=http://www.jetro.org/trends/market_info_manga.pdf|title=Manga Industry in Japan|website=[[Japan External Trade Organization]]|access-date=27 Mei 2019|archive-url=httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20120406232125/http://www.jetro.org/trends/market_info_manga.pdf|archive-date=6 April 2012-04-06|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Industri manga telah berkembang di seluruh dunia, dan sejumlah perusahaan penerbit dari berbagai negara melisensi dan mencetak ulang manga ke dalam bahasa asli mereka.
 
Para pelaku pasar umumnya mengelompokkan manga menurut usia dan jenis kelamin khalayak pembaca yang menjadi target.<ref name="Schodt 1996">{{Harvnb|Schodt|1996}}</ref> Secara khusus, buku dan majalah yang dijual kepada anak laki-laki (''shōnen'') dan anak perempuan (''shōjo'') memiliki gambar sampul yang khas, dan sebagian besar toko buku meletakkannya di rak yang berbeda. Karena adanya fenomena ''cross–readership'' (pembaca lintas), respons konsumen tidak dibatasi oleh demografi. Misalnya, pembaca pria mungkin saja membaca seri yang ditujukan untuk pembaca wanita, dan seterusnya. Jepang memiliki [[kafe manga]], atau ''manga kissa'' (''kissa'' adalah singkatan dari ''[[kissaten]]''). Di ''manga kissa'', seseorang dapat meminum [[Kopi (minuman)|kopi]], membaca manga, dan terkadang menginap.
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[[Berkas:Manga reading direction.svg|jmpl|lurus|Urutan membaca pada manga tradisional.]]
Secara umum, manga tradisional dibaca dari atas ke bawah dan dari [[Penulisan horizontal dan vertikal dalam skrip Asia Timur|kanan ke kiri]]. Beberapa penerbit manga terjemahan tetap menggunakan format asli ini. Penerbit lain mengubah halaman secara horizontal sebelum mencetak terjemahan versi mereka, mengubah arah bacaan menjadi dari kiri ke kanan dan lebih "kebaratan", agar tidak membingungkan pembaca asing atau konsumen komik tradisional. Praktik ini dikenal sebagai "membalik" (''flipping'').<ref name="Farago">{{Harvnb|Farago|2007}}</ref> Sebagian besar kritik mengatakan bahwa praktik tersebut bertentangan dengan tujuan asli pencipta (misalnya jika seseorang mengenakan kemeja yang bertuliskan "MAY", dan kemudian dibalik, maka kata tersebut akan menjadi "YAM"), yang mungkin tidak tahu seberapa canggung membaca komik ketika mata harus melihat melalui halaman dan teks dalam arah yang berlawanan, menghasilkan pengalaman yang sangat berbeda dari membaca sesuatu secara tradisional. Jika terjemahannya tidak disesuaikan dengan gambar yang dibalik dengan cukup hati-hati, teksnya juga mungkin bertentangan dengan gambar. Contohnya seperti seseorang yang menunjuk sesuatu di sebelah kiri mereka dalam teks sementara tangan mereka menunjuk ke kanan pada gambar. Karakter yang diperlihatkan menulis dengan tangan kanan mereka, akan menjadi kidal ketika dibalik. Praktik tersebut juga dapat menyebabkan keanehan pada benda atau tata letak asimetris yang sudah dikenal, seperti mobil yang digambarkan dengan pedal gas di sebelah kiri dan rem di sebelah kanan, atau kemeja dengan kancing pada sisi yang salah, tetapi ini tergolong masalah kecil jika dibandingkan dengan cara membaca yang tidak wajar, dan beberapa di antaranya dapat diselesaikan dengan karya adaptasi yang melampaui sekadar penerjemahan dan pembalikan semata.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bill|first=Randal|url=http://archives.tcj.com/sp2005/intro.html|title=English, For Better or Worse|edition=Special|website=[[The Comics Journal]]|publisher=[[Fantagraphics Books]]|date=2005|archive-url=httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20120323204112/http://archives.tcj.com/sp2005/intro.html|archive-date=23 Maret 2012-03-23|dead-url=yes|access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref>
 
=== Eropa ===
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== Pendidikan di universitas ==
[[Universitas Kyoto Seika]] di Jepang memiliki jurusan manga yang sangat kompetitif sejak tahun 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://passnavi.evidus.com/search_univ/3940/bairitsu1.html#マンガ|script-title=ja:京都精華大学、入試結果 (倍率)、マンガ学科。|publisher=Obunsha Co., Ltd.|language=ja|date=18 Juli 2014|access-date=18 Juli 2014|archive-date=18 Juli 2014-07-17|archive-url=httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20140717165416/http://passnavi.evidus.com/search_univ/3940/bairitsu1.html#マンガ|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kyoto-seika.ac.jp/eng/edu/manga/|title=Kyoto Seika University, Faculty of Manga|website=Kyoto Seika University|language=ja|access-date=18 Juli 2014|archive-date=17 Juli 2014-07-17|archive-url=httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20140717164445/http://www.kyoto-seika.ac.jp/eng/edu/manga/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Kemudian, beberapa universitas dan [[sekolah kejuruan]] ({{nihongo|''Semmon gakkou''|門 学校||lead=yes}}) menyusul dengan mendirikan suatu .
 
[[Shūhō Satō|Shuho Sato]], mangaka yang menulis ''[[Umizaru]]'' dan ''Say Hello to Black Jack'', menimbulkan beberapa kontroversi di [[Twitter]]. Sato berkata, "Sekolah manga tidak ada artinya karena sekolah-sekolah tersebut memiliki tingkat keberhasilan yang sangat rendah. Di sisi lain, saya bisa mengajarkan keterampilan yang diperlukan pemula di tempat kerja hanya dalam tiga bulan, sementara para siswa di sekolah itu menghabiskan beberapa juta yen dan empat tahun. Namun demikian, mereka sama sekali tidak punya kemampuan". Dia juga menambahkan: "Pernyataan dari [[Keiko Takemiya]]—yang saat itu menjadi profesor di [[Universitas Kyoto Seika|Universitas Seika]], di Dewan Pemerintahan bahwa 'Seseorang yang benar-benar pemula baru akan dapat memahami di mana lokasi "Tachikiri" ([[Margin (tipografi)|bagian margin]]) selama empat tahun.' Di sisi lain—menurut saya—butuh sekitar tiga puluh menit bagi seseorang untuk dapat sepenuhnya memahami hal itu di tempat kerja".<ref>{{cite web|last=Sato|first=Shūhō|url=http://togetter.com/li/345327|script-title=ja:漫画を学校で学ぶ意義とは|website=Togetter|language=ja|date=26 Juli 2012|access-date=19 Juli 2014|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
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* {{cite book |ref=harv| last =Napier| first = Susan J. |authorlink=Susan J. Napier | year = 2000 | title = Anime: From ''Akira'' to ''Princess Mononoke'' | location = New York | publisher =Palgrave| isbn = 978-0-312-23863-6| title-link =Anime from Akira to Princess Mononoke: Experiencing Contemporary Japanese Animation}}
* {{cite news | ref = harv | last = Nunez | first = Irma | date = 24 September 2006 | title = Alternative Comics Heroes: Tracing the Genealogy of Gekiga | newspaper = The Japan Times | url = http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fb20060924a1.html | access-date = 19 December 2007 }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1111/1540-5931.00045 |ref=harv| last =Ōgi| first = Fusami | year = 2004 | title = Female subjectivity and ''shōjo'' (girls) manga (Japanese comics): ''shōjo'' in Ladies' Comics and Young Ladies' Comics | journal = The Journal of Popular Culture | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 780–803}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Onoda | first = Natsu | year = 2009 | title = God of Comics: Osamu Tezuka and the Creation of Post-World War II Manga | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=dvaR1-9HE7YC&pg=PA10 | page = 10 | publisher = University Press of Mississippi | isbn = 9781604734782 }}
http://books.google.com/books?id=dvaR1-9HE7YC&pg=PA10 | page = 10 | publisher = University Press of Mississippi | isbn = 9781604734782}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv| last =Patten| first = Fred |authorlink=Fred Patten | year = 2004 | title = Watching Anime, Reading Manga: 25 Years of Essays and Reviews | location = Berkeley, California | publisher = Stone Bridge Press | isbn = 978-1-880656-92-1}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s12119-002-1000-4 |ref=harv| last =Perper| first = Timothy | last2 = Cornog | first2 = Martha | year = 2002 | title = Eroticism for the masses: Japanese manga comics and their assimilation into the U.S. | journal = Sexuality & Culture | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–126}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv| last =Perper| first = Timothy | last2 = Cornog | first2 = Martha | year = 2003 | contribution = Sex, love, and women in Japanese comics | editor-last =Francoeur| editor-first = Robert T. | editor2-last =Noonan| editor2-first = Raymond J. |editor2-link=| title = The Comprehensive International Encyclopedia of Sexuality | location = New York | publisher = Continuum | isbn = 978-0-8264-1488-5}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Petersen |first=Robert S. |title=Comics, Manga, and Graphic Novels: A History of Graphic Narratives |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Hr7aZh6oonoC&pg=PA120 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313363306 }}
* {{cite book |ref = harv |last1 = Prohl |first1 = Inken |last2 = Nelson |first2 = John K | year = 2012 | title = Handbook of Contemporary Japanese Religions | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=uiZi2mgC5a4C&pg=PA596 |page = 596 |publisher = BRILL |isbn = 9789004234352 }}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv | last = Pink | first = Daniel H. | date = 22 October 2007 | title = Japan, Ink: Inside the Manga Industrial Complex | url = http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/magazine/15-11/ff_manga | journal = Wired | volume = 15 | issue = 11 | access-date = 19 December 2007 }}
http://books.google.com/books?id=uiZi2mgC5a4C&pg=PA596 | page = 596 | publisher = BRILL | isbn = 9789004234352}}
▲* {{cite journal |ref=harv| last =Pink| first = Daniel H. | date = 22 October 2007 | title = Japan, Ink: Inside the Manga Industrial Complex | url = http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/magazine/15-11/ff_manga | journal = Wired | volume = 15 | issue = 11 | access-date = 19 December 2007}}
* {{cite book | last =Poitras| first = Gilles | authorlink = Gilles Poitras | year = 2001 | title = Anime Essentials: Every Thing a Fan Needs to Know | location = Berkeley, California | publisher = Stone Bridge | isbn = 978-1-880656-53-2|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv | last = Reid | first = Calvin | date = 28 March 2006 | title = HarperCollins, Tokyopop Ink Manga Deal | url = http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/book-news/comics/article/17182-harpercollins-tokyopop-ink-manga-deal.html | journal = Publishers Weekly | access-date = 4 March 2008 }}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv | last = Reid | first = Calvin | date = 6 February 2009 | title = 2008 Graphic Novel Sales Up 5%; Manga Off 17% | url = http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/1-legacy/24-comic-book-reviews/article/9362-2008-graphic-novel-sales-up-5--manga-off-17-.html | journal = Publishers Weekly | access-date = 7 September 2009 }}
* {{cite web | ref = harv | last = Riciputi | first = Marco | date = 25 October 2007 | title = Komikazen: European comics go independent | url = http://www.cafebabel.com/eng/article/22681/komikazen-european-comics-go-independent.html | publisher = Cafebabel.com | access-date = 4 March 2008 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20081011141705/http://www.cafebabel.com/eng/article/22681/komikazen-european-comics-go-independent.html | archivedate = 11 October 2008-10-11 | df = dmy-all }}{{Unreliable source?|date=September 2009}}
* {{cite journal |ref=harv| last =Rifas| first = Leonard | year = 2004 | title = Globalizing Comic Books from Below: How Manga Came to America | journal = International Journal of Comic Art | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 138–171}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Rousmaniere | first = Nicole | year = 2001 | title = Births and Rebirths in Japanese Art : Essays Celebrating the Inauguration of the Sainsbury Institute for the Study of Japanese Arts and Cultures | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=yj3rAAAAMAAJ&q | publisher = Hotei Publishing | isbn = 978-9074822442 }}
* {{cite web | ref = harv | last = Sanchez | first = Frank | year = 1997–2003 | title = Hist 102: History of Manga | url = http://www.animeinfo.org/animeu/hist102.html | publisher = AnimeInfo | access-date = 11 September 2007 | archiveurl = httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20080205123443/http://www.animeinfo.org/animeu/hist102.html | archivedate = 52008-02-05 February| dead-url = yes 2008}}▼
http://books.google.com/books?id=yj3rAAAAMAAJ&q | publisher = Hotei Publishing | isbn = 978-9074822442}}
▲* {{cite web |ref=harv| last =Sanchez| first = Frank | year = 1997–2003 | title = Hist 102: History of Manga | url = http://www.animeinfo.org/animeu/hist102.html | publisher = AnimeInfo | access-date = 11 September 2007 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080205123443/http://www.animeinfo.org/animeu/hist102.html | archivedate = 5 February 2008}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv| last =Schodt| first = Frederik L. | year = 1986 | title = Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics | location = Tokyo | publisher = Kodansha | isbn = 978-0-87011-752-7| title-link =Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv| last =Schodt| first = Frederik L. | year = 1996 | title = Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga | location = Berkeley, California | publisher = Stone Bridge Press | isbn = 978-1-880656-23-5| title-link =Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga}}
Baris 277 ⟶ 272:
* {{cite book |ref=harv| last =Shimizu| first = Isao |date=June 1985 | title = 日本漫画の事典 : 全国のマンガファンに贈る (Nihon Manga no Jiten – Dictionary of Japanese Manga) | publisher = Sun lexica | language = Japanese | isbn = 978-4-385-15586-9}}
* {{cite journal |ref=harv| last =Stewart| first = Bhob |date=October 1984 | title = Screaming Metal | journal = The Comics Journal | issue = 94}}
* {{cite news | ref = harv | last = Tai | first = Elizabeth | date = 23 September 2007 | title = Manga outside Japan | url = http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2007/9/23/lifebookshelf/18898783&sec=lifebookshelf | newspaper = Star Online | access-date = 19 December 2007 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20071012143933/http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F9%2F23%2Flifebookshelf%2F18898783&sec=lifebookshelf | archivedate = 2007-10-12 October 2007 | df = dmy-all }}
* {{cite web | ref = harv | last = Tchiei | first = Go | year = 1998 | title = Characteristics of Japanese Manga | url = http://www.dnp.co.jp/museum/nmp/nmp_i/articles/manga/manga2.html | access-date = 5 April 2008 }}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Thompson | first = Jason | year = 2007 | title = Manga: The Complete Guide | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=GvEFDD4rdWMC&pg | location = New York | publisher = Ballantine Books | isbn = 978-0-345-48590-8 }}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv | last = Thorn | first = Matt | authorlink = Matt Thorn | date = July–September 2001 | title = Shôjo Manga—Something for the Girls | url = http://matt-thorn.com/shoujo_manga/japan_quarterly/ | journal = The Japan Quarterly | volume = 48 | issue = 3 | access-date = 5 April 2008 }}
http://books.google.com/books?id=GvEFDD4rdWMC&pg |location = New York | publisher = Ballantine Books | isbn = 978-0-345-48590-8}}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv | last =Thorn Toku | first = MattMasami | authorlinkdate = MattSpring Thorn |date=July–September 20012006 | title = ShôjoShojo Manga—Something forManga: theGirl GirlsPower! | url = http://matt-thornwww.comcsuchico.edu/shoujo_mangapub/japan_quarterlycs/spring_06/feature_03.html | journalpublisher = TheCalifornia JapanState QuarterlyUniversity, Chico | volumejournal = 48Chico Statements | issueisbn = 3978-1-886226-10-4 | access-date = 5 April 2008 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080411053104/http://www.csuchico.edu/pub/cs/spring_06/feature_03.html | archivedate = 2008-04-11 | df = dmy-all }}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv | last = TokuVollmar | first = MasamiRob | date = Spring1 March 20062007 | title = ShojoFrederic Boilet and the Nouvelle Manga: Girl Power!revolution | url = http://wwwgoliath.csuchicoecnext.educom/pubcoms2/csgi_0199-6318937/spring_06/feature_03Frederic-Boilet-and-the-Nouvelle.html | publisher = California State University, Chico | journal = ChicoWorld StatementsLiterature | isbn = 978-1-886226-10-4Today | access-date = 514 AprilSeptember 2008 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080411053104/http://www.csuchico.edu/pub/cs/spring_06/feature_03.html | archivedate = 11 April 2008 | df = dmy-all2007 }}
* {{cite journalnews | ref = harv | last =Vollmar Webb | first = RobMartin | date = 128 MarchMay 20072006 | title = FredericManga Boiletby andany theother Nouvellename Manga revolutionis... | url = http://goliathsearch.ecnextjapantimes.comco.jp/coms2/gi_0199cgi-6318937bin/Frederic-Boilet-and-the-Nouvellefl20060528x1.html | journalnewspaper = World[[The LiteratureJapan TodayTimes]] | access-date = 145 April September2008 2007}}
* {{cite news |ref=harv| last =Webb| first = Martin | date = 28 May 2006 | title = Manga by any other name is... | url = http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20060528x1.html | newspaper = [[The Japan Times]] | access-date = 5 April 2008}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv| last =Wong| first = Wendy Siuyi | year = 2002 | title = Hong Kong Comics: A History of Manhua | location = New York | publisher = Princeton Architectural Press | isbn = 978-1-56898-269-4}}
* {{cite news |ref=harv| last =Wong| first = Wendy Siuyi | year = 2006 | title = Globalizing manga: From Japan to Hong Kong and beyond | work = [[Mechademia|Mechademia: an Annual Forum for Anime, Manga, and the Fan Arts]] | pages = 23–45}}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv | last = Wong | first = Wendy | date = September 2007 | title = The Presence of Manga in Europe and North America | url = http://www.rthk.org.hk/mediadigest/20070913_76_121564.html | journal = Media Digest | access-date = 19 December 2007 }}
* {{cite web | title = About Manga Museum: Current situation of manga culture | url = http://www.kyotomm.com/HP/international/english/about_genjo.html | publisher = Kyoto Manga Museum | access-date = 6 September 2009 | ref = CITEREFManga Museum2009 | archive-date = 2009-05-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090528115502/http://www.kyotomm.com/HP/international/english/about_genjo.html | dead-url = yes }}
* {{cite web | title = Correction: World Manga | url = http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2006-05-10/correction-world-manga | work = Anime News Network | date = 10 May 2006 | access-date = 19 December 2007 | ref = CITEREFANN 10 May 2006 }}
* {{cite web | title = I.C. promotes AmeriManga | url = http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2002-11-27/i.c-promotes-amerimanga | work = Anime News Network | date = 11 November 2002 | access-date = 4 March 2008 | ref = CITEREFANN2002 }}
* {{cite web | title = Interview with Tokyopop's Mike Kiley | url = http://www.icv2.com/articles/home/11249.html | work = ICv2 | date = 7 September 2007 | access-date = 19 December 2007 | ref = CITEREFICv22007 }}
* {{cite book | ref = CITEREFKodansha1999 | title = Japan: Profile of a Nation, Revised Edition | url = https://archive.org/details/japanprofileofna0000unse_d3e2 | location = Tokyo | publisher = Kodansha International | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-4-7700-2384-1 }}
* {{cite web | title = Japan's Foreign Minister Creates Foreign Manga Award | url = http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-05-22/international-manga-award | date = 22 May 2007 | work = Anime News Network | access-date = 5 October 2009 | ref = CITEREFANN2007 }}
* {{cite web | title = manga | url = http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/manga | publisher = Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary | access-date = 6 September 2009 | ref = CITEREFMerriam-Webster2009 }}
* {{cite web | title = Manga-mania in France | url = http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2004-02-04/manga-mania-in-france | work = Anime News Network | date = 4 February 2004 | access-date = 19 December 2007 | ref = CITEREFANN2004 }}
* {{cite web | title = 'Manga no Kuni': A manga magazine from the Second Sino-Japanese War period | url = http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=4&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0 | publisher = Kyoto International Manga Museum | access-date = 21 December 2008 | ref = Manga no Kuni | archive-date = 2009-04-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090409073253/http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=4&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0 | dead-url = yes }}
* {{cite web | title = 'Poten': a manga magazine from Kyoto | url = http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=3&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0 | archive-url = httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20090410081554/http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=3&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0 | dead-url = yes | archive-date = 10 April 2009-04-10 | publisher = Kyoto International Manga Museum | access-date = 21 December 2008 | ref = Poten }}
* {{cite web | title = 'Shonen Pakku'; Japan's first children's manga magazine | url = http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=2&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0 | archive-url = httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20090410081500/http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=2&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0 | dead-url = yes | archive-date = 10 April 2009-04-10 | publisher = Kyoto International Manga Museum | access-date = 21 December 2008 | ref = Shonen Pakku }}
* {{cite web | title = The first Japanese manga magazine: Eshinbun Nipponchi | url = http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=1&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0 | publisher = Kyoto International Manga Museum | access-date = 21 December 2008 | ref = Eshinbun Nipponchi | archive-url = httphttps://www.webcitation.org/617dlBFZi?url=http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng | archive-date = 22 August 2011-08-22 | dead-url = yes | df = dmy-all }}
* {{cite web | title = Tokyopop To Move Away from OEL and World Manga Labels | url = http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2006-05-05/tokyopop-to-move-away-from-oel-and-world-manga-labels | work = Anime News Network | date = 5 May 2006 | access-date = 19 December 2007 | ref = CITEREFANN 5 May 2006 }}
{{Refend}}
 
== Bacaan lanjutan ==
* {{cite web | title = Japanese Manga Market Drops Below 500 Billion Yen | url = http://comipress.com/news/2007/03/10/1622 | publisher = ComiPress | date = 10 March 2007}}
* {{cite web | title = Un poil de culture – Une introduction à l'animation japonaise | url = http://www.metalchroniques.fr/guppy/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=437 | date = 11 July 2007 | language = French | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20080108163613/http://www.metalchroniques.fr/guppy/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=437 | archivedate = 8 January 2008-01-08 | df = dmy-all | access-date = 2019-08-20 }}
* Hattie Jones, "Manga girls: Sex, love, comedy and crime in recent boy's manga and anime," in Brigitte Steger and Angelika Koch (2013 eds): Manga Girl Seeks Herbivore Boy. Studying Japanese Gender at Cambridge. Lit Publisher, pp.&nbsp;24–81.
* {{it icon}} Marcella Zaccagnino and Sebastiano Contrari. "[http://limes.espresso.repubblica.it/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/manga-giapponeallaconquistadelmondo.pdf Manga: il Giappone alla conquista del mondo]" ([http://www.webcitation.org/6P2CA2j7h?url=http://limes.espresso.repubblica.it/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/manga-giapponeallaconquistadelmondo.pdf Archive]) ''[[Limes, rivista italiana di geopolitica]]''. 31/10/2007.
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