Negara berdaulat: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k mengedit beberapa format penulisan dan menambahkan pranala |
Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8 |
||
Baris 14:
Kedaulatan adalah istilah yang sering disalahgunakan.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sovereignty: Organised Hypocrisy|last=Krasner|first=Stephen D.|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1999|isbn=0-691-00711-X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Núñez|first=Jorge Emilio|title=About the Impossibility of Absolute State Sovereignty|url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11196-013-9333-x|journal=International Journal for the Semiotics of Law}}</ref> Sampai abad ke-19, konsep terradikal "standar-standar peradaban" secara rutin digunakan untuk menentukan bahwa beberapa bangsa di dunia "tidak beradab" dan memiliki masyarakat yang kurang terorganisir. Posisi itu tercermin dan didasari pada gagasan bahwa "kedaulatan" itu benar-benar kurang, atau setidaknya karakter inferior bila dibandingkan dengan orang-orang yang "beradab".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wilde|first=Ralph|year=2009|title=From Trusteeship to Self-Determination and Back Again: The Role of the Hague Regulations in the Evolution of International Trusteeship, and the Framework of Rights and Duties of Occupying Powers|journal=Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev.|volume=31|pages=85–142 [p. 94]}}</ref> [[Lassa Oppenheim]] berkata, "Mungkin tidak ada konsepsi yang maknanya lebih kontroversial daripada kedaulatan. Ini adalah fakta yang tak terbantahkan bahwa konsepsi ini, sejak awal diperkenalkan ke dalam ilmu politik sampai sekarang, tidak pernah memiliki makna yang disepakati secara universal."<ref>Lassa Oppenheim, International Law 66 (Sir Arnold D. McNair ed., 4th ed. 1928)</ref> Dalam pendapat [[H. V. Evatt]] dari [[High Court of Australia|Pengadilan Tinggi Australia]], "kedaulatan adalah bukan sebuah pertanyaan tentang fakta, maupun pertanyaan tentang hukum, tapi pertanyaan itu tidak muncul sama sekali."<ref>{{Cite book|title=International law and the protection of Namibia's territorial integrity|last=Akweenda|first=Sackey|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|year=1997|isbn=90-411-0412-7|page=40|chapter=Sovereignty in cases of Mandated Territories}}</ref>
Kedaulatan telah diambil pada makna yang berbeda dengan pengembangan dari prinsip [[Self-determination|penentuan sendiri]] dan larangan terhadap ancaman atau penggunaan kekuatan sebagai norma-norma ''[[jus cogens]]'' [[hukum internasional]] modern. Dalam [[Piagam Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|Piagam PBB]], [[Draft Declaration on Rights and Duties of States|Konsep Deklarasi mengenai Hak dan Kewajiban Negara]] dan piagam dari organisasi kedaerahan internasional mengungkapkan pandangan bahwa semua negara secara yuridis sama dan menikmati hak dan kewajiban yang sama berdasarkan fakta keberadaan mereka sebagai orang-orang di bawah hukum internasional.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/dil/treaties_A-41_Charter_of_the_Organization_of_American_States.htm#ch4|title=Chapter IV Fundamental Rights and Duties of States|website=Charter of the Organization of American States|publisher=Secretariat of The Organization of American States|access-date=21 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft%20articles/2_1_1949.pdf|title=Draft Declaration on Rights and Duties of States|year=1949|publisher=UN Treaty Organization|access-date=21 November 2010}}</ref> Hak negara untuk menentukan status politik dan praktik kedaulatan permanen sendiri dalam batas-batas yurisdiksi teritorial mereka secara luas diakui.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/resources.htm|title=General Assembly resolution 1803 (XVII) of 14 December 1962, "Permanent sovereignty over natural resources"|publisher=United Nations|access-date=21 November 2010|archive-date=2011-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218220818/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/resources.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>Schwebel, Stephen M., The Story of the U.N.'s Declaration on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources, 49 A.B.A. J. 463 (1963)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CCPR.aspx|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights}}</ref>
Dalam ilmu politik, kedaulatan biasanya didefinisikan sebagai atribut yang paling penting dari negara dalam bentuk berdikari lengkap di dalam bingkai dari suatu wilayah tertentu, yaitu supremasi dalam kebijakan domestik dan kemerdekaan di luar negeri.<ref>Grinin L. E. Globalization and Sovereignty: Why do States Abandon their Sovereign Prerogatives? </ref>
Baris 59:
| last = Bell | first = Abraham | title = International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self-Defense
| work = Jerusalem Issue Brief, Vol. 7, No. 29 | publisher = Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs | date = 28 January 2008
| url = http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm | accessdate = 2010-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release|title=Address by Foreign Minister Livni to the 8th Herzliya Conference |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel |date=22 January 2008 |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Speeches+by+Israeli+leaders/2008/Address+by+FM+Livni+to+the+8th+Herzliya+Conference+22-Jan-2008.htm?DisplayMode=print |accessdate=2010-07-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026025009/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Speeches%2Bby%2BIsraeli%2Bleaders/2008/Address%2Bby%2BFM%2BLivni%2Bto%2Bthe%2B8th%2BHerzliya%2BConference%2B22-Jan-2008.htm?DisplayMode=print |archivedate=26 October 2011 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | last = Salih | first = Zak M. | title = Panelists Disagree Over Gaza’s Occupation Status | publisher = University of Virginia School of Law | date = 17 November 2005 | url = http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2005_fall/gaza.htm | accessdate = 2010-07-16 | archive-date = 2016-03-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200844/http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2005_fall/gaza.htm | dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Israel: 'Disengagement' Will Not End Gaza Occupation | publisher = Human Rights Watch
| date = 29 October 2004 | url = https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2004/10/29/isrlpa9577.htm | accessdate = 2010-07-16}}</ref> See also [[Israeli-occupied territories]].<br><ref name="saeb">{{Cite news|author=Staff writers|title=Palestinians 'may declare state'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7254434.stm|newspaper=BBC News|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|date=20 February 2008|accessdate=2011-01-22}}:"Saeb Erekat, disagreed arguing that the Palestine Liberation Organisation had already declared independence in 1988. "Now we need real independence, not a declaration. We need real independence by ending the occupation. We are not Kosovo. We are under Israeli occupation and for independence we need to acquire independence".</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| last = Gold | first = Dore |author2=Institute for Contemporary Affairs | title = Legal Acrobatics: The Palestinian Claim that Gaza is Still "Occupied" Even After Israel Withdraws | work = Jerusalem Issue Brief, Vol. 5, No. 3 | publisher = Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs | date = 26 August 2005 | url = http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm | accessdate = 2010-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | last = Bell | first = Abraham | title = International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self-Defense | work = Jerusalem Issue Brief, Vol. 7, No. 29 | publisher = Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs | date = 28 January 2008 | url = http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm | accessdate = 2010-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release
Baris 72 ⟶ 71:
|archivedate=26 October 2011
|df=
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | last = Salih | first = Zak M. | title = Panelists Disagree Over Gaza’s Occupation Status | publisher = University of Virginia School of Law | date = 17 November 2005 | url = http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2005_fall/gaza.htm | accessdate = 2010-07-16 | archive-date = 2016-03-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200844/http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2005_fall/gaza.htm | dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Israel: 'Disengagement' Will Not End Gaza Occupation | publisher = Human Rights Watch | date = 29 October 2004 | url = https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2004/10/29/isrlpa9577.htm | accessdate = 2010-07-16}}</ref> |name="israel"}} Kesatuan lain mungkin memiliki kontrol ''de facto'' atas suatu wilayah tetapi tidak memiliki pengakuan internasional; ini mungkin dianggap oleh [[masyarakat internasional]] untuk menjadi hanya negara ''de facto''. Mereka dianggap ''secara de jure'' negara hanya sesuai dengan hukum mereka sendiri dan oleh negara-negara yang mengenali mereka. Misalnya, [[Somaliland]] ini umumnya dianggap sebagai keadaan seperti itu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arieff|first=Alexis|year=2008|title=De facto Statehood? The Strange Case of Somaliland|url=http://yalejournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/083206arieff.pdf|journal=Yale Journal of International Affairs|volume=3|pages=60–79|access-date=2010-01-04|archive-date=2011-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213214545/http://yalejournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/083206arieff.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3903|title=The List: Six Reasons You May Need A New Atlas Soon|date=July 2007|publisher=Foreign Policy Magazine|access-date=2010-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unpo.org/content/view/8418/244/|title=Overview of De-facto States|date=July 2008|publisher=[[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]]|access-date=2010-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wiren, Robert|first=Alexis|date=April 2008|year=2008|title=France recognises de facto Somaliland|url=http://www.lesnouvelles.org/P10_magazine/15_grandentretien/15055_mahamudsalahnur_eng.html|journal=Yale Journal of International Affairs|publisher=Les Nouvelles d'Addis Magazine|volume=3|pages=60–79|access-date=2010-01-04|archive-date=2018-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825054320/http://www.lesnouvelles.org/P10_magazine/15_grandentretien/15055_mahamudsalahnur_eng.html|dead-url=yes}} CS1 maint: Date and year ([[:Kategori:CS1 maint: Date and year|link]])</ref> Untuk daftar kesatuan yang ingin secara universal diakui sebagai negara berdaulat, tetapi tidak memiliki [[Diplomatic recognition|pengakuan diplomatik]] lengkap seluruh dunia, lihat [[daftar negara dengan pengakuan terbatas]].
== Hubungan antara negara dan pemerintah ==
Meskipun istilah "negara" dan "pemerintah" sering digunakan secara bergantian,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.edwardheath.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/State_and_Government.pdf|title=The Distinction Between State and Government|last=Robinson|first=E. H.|date=April 2008|year=2013|publisher=Les Nouvelles d'Addis Magazine|pages=556–566|access-date=2010-01-04|archive-date=2013-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102130436/http://www.edwardheath.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/State_and_Government.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> hukum internasional membedakan antara negara nonfisik dan pemerintahnya; dan pada kenyataannya, konsep "[[Pemerintahan dalam pengasingan|pemerintah dalam pengasingan]]" didasarkan atas perbedaan itu.<ref name="Crawford, J. 2006">{{cite book|title=The Creation of States in International Law|last=Crawford|first=J.|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=2006|isbn=0-19-826002-4|edition=2nd|location=Oxford}}</ref> Negara adalah kesatuan yuridis nonfisik, dan bukan organisasi apapun.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Robinson|first=Edward Heath|year=2010|title=An Ontological Analysis of States: Organizations vs. Legal Persons|url=http://www.edwardheath.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/States_v_Legal_Persons.pdf|journal=Applied Ontology|volume=5|pages=109–125}}</ref> Namun, biasanya, hanya pemerintah suatu negara dapat mewajibkan atau mengikat negara, misalnya dengan perjanjian.
== Punahnya negara ==
Baris 127 ⟶ 125:
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/3/1/178 Pendapat Badinter Komite Arbitrase] di ''European Journal of International Law''
* [http://www.burneylawfirm.com/international_law_primer.htm Singkat Primer pada Hukum Internasional] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110081904/http://www.burneylawfirm.com/international_law_primer.htm |date=2016-11-10 }} Dengan kasus dan komentar. Nathaniel Burney, 2007.
* [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=6305536&jid=RIS&volumeId=22&issueId=04&aid=6305528&bodyId=&membershipNumber=&societyETOCSession= Apa yang merupakan negara berdaulat?] oleh Michael Ross Fowler dan Julie Marie Bunck
* [http://www.ipoliticalrisk.com Link untuk yang terbaik risiko politik situs web, ipoliticalrisk.com] informasi pelacakan, mengevaluasi dan mengelola risiko utang perdagangan dan investasi permanen
| |||