Peningkatan keasaman air laut: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Peningkatan keasaman air aut diperkirakan memiliki beragam konsekuensi, seperti penurunan laju metabolisme [[cumi-cumi jumbo]](''Dosidicus gigas''),<ref name=Rosa>{{cite journal |last=Rosa |first=R. |last2=Seibel |first2=B. |title=Synergistic effects of climate-related variables suggest future physiological impairment in a top oceanic predator |journal=P.n.a.s. |volume=105 |year=2008 |month= |pages=20776–20780 |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/105/52/20776.short |bibcode = 2008PNAS..10520776R |doi = 10.1073/pnas.0806886105 |issue=52 |ref=harv }}</ref> penurunan sistem imunitas kerang biru,<ref name=Bibby>{{cite journal |last=Bibby |first=R. |coauthors=''et al.'' |title=Effects of ocean acidification on the immune response of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis |journal=Aquatic Biology |volume=2 |year=2008 |month= |pages=67–74 |url=http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/ab/v2/n1/p67-74/ |doi=10.3354/ab00037 |ref=harv }}</ref> dan [[pemutihan koral]].
Reaksi kimia lain juga terjadi sehingga kadar ion karbonat di lautan yang tersedia akan berkurang. Hal ini akan menyulitkan bagi hewan laut yang membutuhkan ion karbonat bagi pertumbuhan hidupnya seperti [[koral]] untuk proses kalsifikasi tubuhnya, dan beberapa jenis [[plankton]]. Struktur yang mengandung ion karbonat pun akan cepat rapuh karena larut oleh asam.<ref name=orr05>{{Cite journal |last=Orr |first=James C. |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2005 |title=Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms |url=http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/~jomce/acidification/paper/Orr_OnlineNature04095.pdf |
Peningkatan keasaman air laut telah terjadi sebelumnya dalam [[sejarah bumi]], seperti peristiwa ''[[Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum]]'' (PETM),<ref name=Zachos2005>{{cite journal | author = Zachos, J.C. | coauthors = Röhl, U.; Schellenberg, S.A.; Sluijs, A.; Hodell, D.A.; Kelly, D.C.; Thomas, E.; Nicolo, M.; Raffi, I.; Lourens, L. J.; McCarren, H.; Kroon, D. | title = Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum | year = 2005 | journal = Science | volume = 308 | pages = 1611–1615 | doi = 10.1126/science.1109004 | issue = 5728 | pmid = 15947184 | ref = harv }}</ref> yang terjadi setidaknya 56 juta tahun yang lalu dan menyebabkan pelarutan struktur karbonat hewan laut hingga membentuk sedimen di basin lautan di seluruh dunia.
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| location=London, UK
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| journal=
}}. [http://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/the-fourth-carbon-budget-reducing-emissions-through-the-2020s-2/ Report website.]▼
| access-date=2013-12-01
| archive-date=2018-09-24
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924092022/http://archive.theccc.org.uk/aws2/4th%20Budget/fourthbudget_supporting_research_reviewofclimatescience_developements_since_IPPC_AR4.pdf
| dead-url=yes
▲ }}. [http://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/the-fourth-carbon-budget-reducing-emissions-through-the-2020s-2/ Report website.]
* {{Cite journal
| title=Geoengineering the climate: science, governance and uncertainty
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== Bahan bacaan terkait ==
* Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC) (2008). [
* {{Cite journal|last=Cicerone|first=R.|coauthors=J. Orr, P. Brewer ''et al.''|year=2004|title=The Ocean in a High {{chem|CO|2}} World|url=http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/~jomce/pubs/Cicerone_etal_2004_EOS.pdf|journal=[[Eos (journal)|Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union]]|publisher=[[American Geophysical Union]]|volume=85|issue=37|pages=351–353|doi=10.1029/2004EO370007|bibcode=2004EOSTr..85R.351C|ref=harv|access-date=2013-12-01|archive-date=2007-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305235225/http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/~jomce/pubs/Cicerone_etal_2004_EOS.pdf|dead-url=yes}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Doney|first=S. C. |year=2006|title=The Dangers of Ocean Acidification|url=|journal=[[Scientific American]] |issn=0036-8733|volume=294|issue=3|pages=58–65 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0306-58|pmid=16502612|ref=harv}}, ([http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&colID=1&articleID=00057536-E87F-13F5-A75F83414B7FFE9F Article preview only]).
* {{Cite journal|last=Feely|first=R. A.|coauthors=Sabine, Christopher L.; Lee, Kitack; Berelson, Will; Kleypas, Joanie; Fabry, Victoria J.; Millero, Frank J.|year=2004|title=Impact of Anthropogenic {{chem|CO|2}} on the {{chem|CaCO|3}} System in the Oceans|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;305/5682/362|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=305|issue=5682|pages=362–366|doi=10.1126/science.1097329|pmid=15256664|bibcode = 2004Sci...305..362F|ref=harv }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Harrould-Kolieb | first1=E. | last2=Savitz | first2=J. | year=2008 | url=http://na.oceana.org/en/news-media/publications/reports/acid-test-can-we-save-our-oceans-from-co2 | title=Acid Test: Can We Save Our Oceans From CO<sub>2</sub>? | journal=Oceana | ref=harv | access-date=2013-12-01 | archive-date=2011-10-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009114644/http://na.oceana.org/en/news-media/publications/reports/acid-test-can-we-save-our-oceans-from-co2 | dead-url=yes }}
* {{Cite news|last=[[Caspar Henderson|Henderson]]|first=Caspar|title=Ocean acidification: the other CO<sub>2</sub> problem|url=http://environment.newscientist.com/article/mg19125631.200|publisher=[[NewScientist]].com news service|date=2006-08-05}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Jacobson|first=M. Z.|coauthors=|year=2005|title=Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry|url=|journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] – Atmospheres|volume=110|issue=|pages=D07302|doi=10.1029/2004JD005220|bibcode=2005JGRD..11007302J|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kim|first=Rakhyun E.|title=Is a New Multilateral Environmental Agreement on Ocean Acidification Necessary?|journal=Review of European Community & International Environmental Law|year=2012|volume=21|issue=3|pages=243–258|doi=10.1111/reel.12000.x|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/reel.12000.x/asset/reel12000.pdf?v=1&t=hje8up3l&s=acfe7a98dabdf9fd728223ed0266031e9c9b1d83|ref=harv}}
* Kleypas, J. A., R. A. Feely, V. J. Fabry, C. Langdon, C. L. Sabine, and L. L. Robbins. (2006). [http://www.ucar.edu/communications/Final_acidification.pdf Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers: A Guide for Further Research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720101953/http://www.ucar.edu/communications/Final_acidification.pdf |date=2011-07-20 }}, report of a workshop held 18–20 April 2005, St. Petersburg, FL, sponsored by [[National Science Foundation]], NOAA and the U.S. Geological Survei, 88pp.
* {{Cite news|last=[[Elizabeth Kolbert|Kolbert]]|first=E.|title=The Darkening Sea: Carbon emissions and the ocean|publisher=[[The New Yorker]]|date=2006-11-20|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/11/20/061120fa_fact_kolbert }}
* Riebesell, U., V. J. Fabry, L. Hansson and J.-P. Gattuso (Eds.). (2010). [http://www.epoca-project.eu/index.php/Home/Guide-to-OA-Research/ Guide to best practices for ocean acidification research and data reporting], 260 p. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
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* [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=threatening-ocean-life How Acidification Threatens Oceans from the Inside Out] [[Scientific American]] August 9, 2010 by Marah J. Hardt and [[Carl Safina]]
* [http://royalsociety.org/displaypagedoc.asp?id=13539 Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide], report by the [[Royal Society]] (UK)
* [http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter5.pdf AR4 WG1 Chapter 5: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513164252/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter5.pdf |date=2017-05-13 }}, [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC]]
* [http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/yos/resource/01state_of_science.pdf State of the Science FACT SHEET: Ocean acidification] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715113115/http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/yos/resource/01state_of_science.pdf |date=2011-07-15 }}, [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]
* [http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814011957/http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ |date=2011-08-14 }} (CDIAC), the primary data analysis center of the [[United States Department of Energy|U.S. Department of Energy]] (located at [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]])
* [http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/ocean-acidification/ Ocean acidification introduction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722104724/http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/ocean-acidification/ |date=2011-07-22 }}, [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]]
* [http://csiro.au/multimedia/Climate-change-threat-to-Southern-Ocean.html Climate change threatening the Southern Ocean], report by [[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation|CSIRO]]
* [http://www.ocean-acidification.net/ The Ocean in a High {{chem|CO|2}} World], an international science symposium series
* [http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=169 The Acid Ocean – the Other Problem with {{chem|CO|2}} Emission], [[David Archer (scientist)]], a [[RealClimate]] discussion
* [http://oceanacidification.wordpress.com/ Regularly updated "blog" of ocean acidification publications and news], [http://www.obs-vlfr.fr/~gattuso/ Jean-Pierre Gattuso]
* [http://www.pacificscience.org/tfoceanacidification.html Task Force on Ocean Acidification in the Pacific] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607093450/http://www.pacificscience.org/tfoceanacidification.html |date=2007-06-07 }}, including recent presentations on ocean acidification, [[Pacific Science Association]]
* [http://www.thew2o.net/events/oceans/oa.php ''Ocean Acidification''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724103219/http://www.thew2o.net/events/oceans/oa.php |date=2011-07-24 }}, a multimedia, interactive site from [http://www.thew2o.net The World Ocean Observatory]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQMZfCKuFIQ Acidic Oceans: Why should we care? Perspectives in ocean science], Andrew Dickson, [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]]
* [http://site.videoproject.com/coralreefs/ Climate Change: Coral Reefs on the Edge] A video presentation by Prof. [[Ove Hoegh-Guldberg (biologist)|Ove Hoegh-Guldberg]] on impact of ocean acidification on coral reefs
Baris 135 ⟶ 140:
* [http://bioacid.ifm-geomar.de/index.htm Biological Impacts of Ocean Acidification] (BIOACID), a [[Germany|German]] initiative funded by [[Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany)|BMBF]]
* [http://www.oceanacidification.org.uk/ Ocean Acidification Research Programme] (UKOARP), a 5-year-long [[United Kingdom|UK]] initiative funded by [[Natural Environment Research Council|NERC]], [[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs|Defra]] and [[Department of Energy and Climate Change|DECC]]
* [http://www.ozean-der-zukunft.de/english/research-areas/greenhouse-oceans/ocean-acidification/facts/ Research Program on Ocean Acidification] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719072116/http://www.ozean-der-zukunft.de/english/research-areas/greenhouse-oceans/ocean-acidification/facts/ |date=2011-07-19 }} at the Cluster of Excellence "Future Ocean", [[Kiel]]
* [http://www.sfos.uaf.edu/oarc/ Ocean Acidification Research Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719000914/http://www.sfos.uaf.edu/oarc/ |date=2011-07-19 }} at [[University of Alaska Fairbanks]]
* [http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo35773 Effects of Climate Change and Ocean Acidification on Living Marine Organisms: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Tenth Congress, First Session, May 10, 2007]
* [http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo7764 The Environmental and Economic Impacts of Ocean Acidification: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second Session, April 22, 2010]
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* [http://abcnews.go.com/video/playerIndex?id=6248578 "Ocean Acidification & Climate"], by Clayton Sandell [[ABC News]]
* [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/philippe-cousteau/a-world-without-whales_b_254717.html A World Without Whales?] by [[Philippe Cousteau]], ''[[The Huffington Post]]''
*
* [http://www.stanford.edu/group/microdocs/acidocean.html The Acid Ocean], [[Stanford University]]
* Sea Change (Parts [http://apps.seattletimes.com/reports/sea-change/2013/sep/11/pacific-ocean-perilous-turn-overview/ One], [http://apps.seattletimes.com/reports/sea-change/2013/sep/11/alaska-crab-industry/ Two], and [http://apps.seattletimes.com/reports/sea-change/2013/sep/11/oysters-hit-hard/ Three]), ''[[The Seattle Times]]''
Baris 154 ⟶ 159:
* [http://www.greenpeace.org/new-zealand/en/Multimedia/Videos/Ocean-Acidification-in-a-nutshell/ ''Ocean Acidification in a Nutshell''], by [[Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand]]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m-1fcNnJzaY&feature=youtu.be Ocean Acidification: An Ecosystem Facing Dissolution] by GEOMAR I Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel
* [http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/co2rprt.html CO2SYS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014235319/http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/co2rprt.html |date=2011-10-14 }}, a stand-alone [[executable]] (also available in a [http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/eap/models.html version for Microsoft Excel/VBA])
* [http://cran.at.r-project.org/src/contrib/Descriptions/seacarb.html seacarb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821112247/http://cran.at.r-project.org/src/contrib/Descriptions/seacarb.html |date=2008-08-21 }}, a [[R (programming language)|R package]] for [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[Mac OS X]] and [[Linux]] (also available [http://www.obs-vlfr.fr/~gattuso/seacarb.php here]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})
* [http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/oceanography/faculty/zeebe_files/CO2_System_in_Seawater/csys.html CSYS], a [[MATLAB|Matlab script]]
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