Bashar al-Assad: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Gambar:Syria.BasharAlAssad.01.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Bashar al-Assad]]
'''Bashar
== Personal ==
{{Politics of Syria}}
Assad yang mahir dalam [[bahasa Inggris]] dan [[bahasa Perancis]] menjalani studi di sekolah elit Franco-Arab al-Hurriyet di [[Damascus]] (ibukota Suriah) juga belajar ilmu kedokteran di [[Universitas Damascus]] (''University of Damascus'') unuk Fakultas Kedokteran. Lulus menjadi seorang dokter, spesialisasi dalam [[oftalmologi]] (mata) di pendidikan rumah sakit [[London]]. Ia menikah dengan Asma' al-Akhras, seorang Suriah [[Sunni]] Muslim yang tinggal di [[Inggris]] sejak kelahirannya maupun masa dewasanya.
Keluarga al-Assad adalah anggota [[muslim]] [[Alawite]] group minoritas dan anggota group have been prominent in the governmental hierarchy and army since 1963 when Baath first seized power. Their origins are to be found in the [[Latakia]] region of north-west Syria. Bashar's family is originally from [[Qardaha]], just east of Latakia.
Initially Bashar had few political aspirations. Hafez al-Assad had been grooming Bashar's older brother, [[Basil al-Assad]] to be the future president. However, Basil's premature death in an automobile accident in 1994 suddenly made Bashar his father's new [[heir apparent]]. When the elder Assad died in 2000, Bashar was duly elected President unopposed with apparent massive popular support, after Syria's Majlis Al Shaa'b (Parliament) swiftly voted to lower the minimum age for candidates from 40 to 34.
Upon claiming the presidency, Bashar al-Assad promised economic and political reforms to Syria, but he has so far delivered little change in the status quo. The [[Baath Party]] remains in control of the parliament and is constitutionally the "leading party" of the state. Bashar al-Assad, however, was not strongly involved previously in the running of the party. Until he became President, Bashar's only formal political role was as the head of the Syrian Computer Society, which was mainly in charge of introducing the [[Internet]] to Syria.
Immediately after he took power, a reform movement made cautious advances during the so-called [[Damascus Spring]], and Assad seemed to accept this, as he shut down the notorious [[Mezze prison]] and released hundreds of [[political prisoner]]s. The Damascus Spring however ground to an abrupt halt as security crackdowns commenced again within a year, and although Bashar rules with a softer touch than the all-out [[totalitarianism]] of his father, political freedoms are still extremely curtailed. The security apparatus has eased its grip on society, but remains solidly in control, and while a small dissident movement has by now firmly established itself, it is still both powerless and pressured by the regime. Sporadic protests are occurring among the [[Kurds]] in north-eastern Syria, long discriminated against by the [[Arab nationalist]] Baathist government.
Economic liberalization has also been very limited, with industry still heavily state-controlled and [[political corruption|corruption]] rife throughout the state apparatus. Mild economic sanctions (the [[Syria Accountability Act]]) applied by the [[USA]] further complicate the situation. Of major importance are the negotiations for a [[free trade]] [[Association Agreement]] with the [[European Union]], but progress is slow.
The military plays an omnipresent role in Syrian politics - Hafez al-Assad headed both the military and the air forces, and it was a [[The Corrective Revolution|military coup]] which brought him to power in 1970. Bashar entered the military academy at [[Homs]], north of Damascus, following the death of Basil, and was propelled through the ranks to become a colonel in January 1999.
== Foreign relations ==
[[Image:Syria.BasharAlAssad.02.jpg|thumbnail|300px|Billboard with portrait of Assad and the text ''We bend to no one but God'' on the [[Damascus#The_walls_and_gates_of_Damascus|old city wall of Damascus]] 2006]]
Despite tense relations with [[Israel]], Assad has repeatedly called for a resumption of talks on the issue of the [[Golan Heights]], occupied by Israel since 1967. However, the [[United States]] and Israel continue to accuse Assad of supporting militant anti-Israeli groups, classified as terrorist groups by US State Department, including [[Hizbullah]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad|Islamic Jihad]].
In May 2001, Assad caused an uproar over his Damascus speech welcoming the visit of [[Pope John Paul II]], in which he criticized [[Israel]] and Jews, saying: "They tried to kill the principles of all religions with the same mentality in which they betrayed Jesus Christ and the same way they tried to betray and kill the Prophet [[Muhammad]]." [http://www.adl.org/presrele/islme_62/3825_62.asp]
Assad opposed the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], despite a long standing animosity between the Syrian and [[Iraq]]i regimes, using Syria's position holding one of the rotating seats on the [[United Nations]] [[Security Council]]. This precipitated, alongside the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Hariri, and the supposed harbouring of anti-Israeli terrorists, a crisis in relations with the [[United States]].
Assad has been criticised for Syria's de facto [[Military occupation|occupation]] of [[Lebanon]] (which ended in 2005) and the USA put Syria under sanctions partly because of this. He is reported to have played a key role in the accession of the pro-Syrian General [[Emile Lahoud]] to the Lebanese presidency in 1998.
In the Arab world, Bashar has mended relations with the [[Palestinian Liberation Organization]], and attempted to build good relations with more conservative Arab states, while generally standing by Syria's Arab nationalist agenda.
==Internal power struggle==
According to some sources, at least part of the slow progress on reform stems from the opposition of an "old guard" within the Syrian regime, which drags its feet in protest of political liberalizations and in order to maintain its privileged position within the government. There has even been speculation on whether Bashar al-Assad was in real control of Syria, with some commentators suggesting the country was run by a coterie of old Hafez loyalists, mainly around the military and security services, with Bashar acting mainly as a figurehead. Others have claimed that he has indeed always been in power, but that he has acted cautiously so as not to provoke powerful elements within the old elite, as was initially lacking a support base within the government. This seems to be a widely held opinion among Syrians, some of whom credit the president with good intentions but little effective power to carry out his reform program.
While Bashar certainly seems to have been careful in pushing for reforms of the government, he has systematically expanded his influence within the Syrian ruling apparatus. The retirement of the powerful defence minister [[Mustafa Tlass]] in 2004 and the absconding of vice president [[Abdulhalim Khaddam]] in 2005, both long-standing Hafez loyalists, is considered a sign that Bashar's "soft purge" of the party is now more or less over. This, however, also means Assad can to a greater extent be held personally responsible for the slow pace of reform.
==2005 Lebanon crisis==
A major crisis began recently with the murder of [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] Prime Minister [[Rafik Hariri]] in February 2005, which was widely blamed on Syria. As a result of the ensuing protests, Assad was forced to pull out all Syrian forces and security services from Lebanon. Syria remains influential in Lebanon, however, and economic activity is strongly interdependent. The pull-out from Lebanon was a serious blow to the prestige of Assad.
Further embarrassing the regime was the implication of senior Syrian officials in the [[United Nations]] [[Mehlis report]], released in October 2005, which entered the headlines after interior minister [[Ghazi Kanaan]] allegedly committed suicide while being investigated by the UN mission. There are also indications that the Mehlis investigation is specifically interested in relatives of Bashar al-Assad himself.
It is unknown if Assad knew of the operation, which he has repeatedly condemned. He strongly denies any Syrian involvement, but has promised to extradite or punish anyone found guilty of participating in the conspiracy to kill Hariri. However, his former Vice President, [[Abdul Halim Khaddam]], has accused him of being behind the operation. Assad has refused to be questioned himself or for other high-ranking Syrian officials to be questioned by the special UN prosecutor in connection to Hariri's murder. In summation, the Hariri affair has proved the most pressing crisis for the Syrian government in decades, possibly since Hafez al-Assad seized power, with some commentators suggesting that it could forespell the downfall of Bashar himself.
==Family==
Family connections is presently an important part of Syrian politics. Several members of Hafez al-Assad's closest family has held positions within the government since his ascent to power, most notably of course Bashar himself. Most of the al-Assad and Makhlouf families have also grown tremendously wealthy, and parts of that fortune have reached their [[Alawite]] tribe in [[Qardaha]] and its surroundings. The following is a list of some of Bashar's most prominent relatives:
* '''[[Hafez al-Assad]], father'''. Former president. Died in 2000.
* '''[[Rifaat al-Assad]], uncle'''. Formerly a powerful security chief; now in exile in [[France]] after attempting a [[coup d'êtat]] in 1984
* '''[[Jamil al-Assad]], uncle'''. Parliamentarian, commander of a minor militia.
* '''Anisah Makhlouf, mother'''.
* '''[[Basil al-Assad]], brother'''. Original candidate for succession. Died in an automobile accident in 1994.
* '''Majd al-Assad, brother'''. Electrical engineer; widely reported to have mental problems.
* '''[[Lt. Col.]] [[Maher al-Assad]], brother'''. Head of Presidential Guard.
* '''[[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] Bushra al-Assad, sister'''. [[Pharmacist]]. Said to be a strong influence on both Hafez and Bashar, sometimes called the "brain" of Syrian politics. Married to [[Gen.]] [[Assef Shawqat]].
* '''[[Gen.]] Adnan Makhlouf, cousin of Anisah'''. Commands the Republican Guard.
* '''Adnan al-Assad, cousin of Hafez'''. Leader of "Struggle companies" militia in [[Damascus]].
* '''Muhammad al-Assad, cousin of Hafez'''. Another leader of the "Struggle companies".
* '''[[Gen.]] [[Assef Shawqat]], brother-in-law'''. Husband of Bushra. Present head of military intelligence, close associate of Bashar.
==See also==
*[[List of state leaders]]
==Further reading==
*''Bashar Al-Assad (Major World Leaders)'' by Susan Muaddi Darraj, (June 2005, Chelsea House Publications) ISBN 0791082628 for young adults
*''Syria Under Bashar Al-Asad: Modernisation and the Limits of Change (Adelphi Papers)'' by Volker Perthes, (2004, Oxford University Press) ISBN 0198567502
*''Bashar's First Year: From Ophthalmology to a National Vision (Research Memorandum)'' by Yossi Baidatz, (2001, [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]]) ISBN B0006RVLNM
*''Syria: Revolution From Above'' by Raymond Hinnebusch (Routledge; 1st edition, August 2002) ISBN 0415285682
==Pranala luar==
*[http://www.sana.org/index06b62031e0f3a610a08b7e1b64984fe0.html President Bashar al-Assad's site on Syrian Arab News Agency]
*[http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/CFBB0AFA-B1D6-457B-B611-E56C3B88585C.htm Aljazeera.net - President Bashar al-Asad: Profile]
*[http://lexicorient.com/e.o/assad_bashar.htm Profile on the Encyclopedia of the Orient]
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[[Kategori:Kelahiran 1965|al-Assad]]
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