Suku Nuristan: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Suku Nuristani''' adalah [[kelompok etnis]] yang berasal dari [[Provinsi Nuristan]] di [[Afganistan]] timur. mereka menuturkan sebuah bahasa [[rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa|Indo-Eropa]] yang disebut [[bahasa Nuristan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/KalashaReligion.pdf|format=PDF|title=Kalash Religion|website=people.fas.harvard.edu}}</ref> Pada pertengahan tahun 1890-an, setelah penetapan [[Garis Durand|garis perbatasan Durand]] dengan [[Kemaharajaan Britania|India Britania]], Amir [[Abdur Rahman Khan]] melancarkan kampanye militer di Nuristan (saat itu dijuluki [[Kafiristan]]) yang berhasil [[islamisasi|mengislamkan]] penduduk Nuristan;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chart.ac.uk/chart2001/papers/noframes/witek.html|title=Wlodek Witek (CHArt 2001)|work=chart.ac.uk|access-date=2017-08-19|archive-date=2011-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721135131/http://www.chart.ac.uk/chart2001/papers/noframes/witek.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/arasi_0004-3958_1968_num_18_1_1603 Persée: A Kafir goddess]</ref> semenjak itu wilayah ini disebut ''Nuristan'' yang berarti "Tanah Cahaya".<ref>Martin Ewans, ''Afghanistan: a short history of its people and politics'', Harper Perennial, 2002, hlm.103</ref><ref>A Former Kafir Tells His 'Tragic Story'. Notes on the Kati Kafirs of Northern Bashgal (Afghanistan) / Max Klimburg, Eat and West, Vol. 58&nbsp;– Nos. 1–4 (December 2008), hlm. 391–402</ref><ref>Reflections of the Islamisation of Kafiristan in Oral Tradition / Georg Buddruss Journal of Asian Civilizations&nbsp;— Volume XXXI&nbsp;— Number 1-2&nbsp;– 2008, Special Tribute Edition, hlm. 16–35</ref><ref>'The pacification of the country was completed by the wholly gratuitous conquest of a remote mountain people in the north-east, the non-Muslim Kalash of Kafiristan (Land of the Unbelievers), who were forcibly converted to Islam by the army. Their habitat was renamed Nuristan (Land of Light).' Angelo Rasanayagam, ''Afghanistan: A Modern History'', I.B. Tauris, 2005, hlm.11</ref> Sebelumnya, mereka menganut kepercayaan [[Hinduisme Kuno]].<ref name="Minahan2014">{{cite book|last=Minahan|first=James B.|title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia|accessdate=18 December 2015|date=10 February 2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|language=English |isbn=9781610690188|page=205|quote=Living in the high mountain valleys, the Nuristani retained their ancient culture and their religion, a form of ancient Hinduism with many customs and rituals developed locally. Certain deities were revered only by one tribe or community, but one deity was universally worshipped by all Nuristani as the Creator, the Hindu god Yama Raja, called ''imr'o'' or ''imra'' by the Nuristani tribes.}}</ref><ref name="BarringtonKendrick2006">{{cite book|last1=Barrington|first1=Nicholas|last2=Kendrick|first2=Joseph T.|last3=Schlagintweit|first3=Reinhard|title=A Passage to Nuristan: Exploring the Mysterious Afghan Hinterland|url=https://archive.org/details/passagetonurista00barr|accessdate=29 July 2017|date=18 April 2006|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|language=English |isbn=9781845111755|page=[https://archive.org/details/passagetonurista00barr/page/111 111]|quote=Prominent sites include Hadda, near Jalalabad, but Buddhism never seems to have penetrated the remote valleys of Nuristan, where the people continued to practice an early form of polytheistic Hinduism.}}</ref><ref name="WeissMaurer2012">{{cite book|last1=Weiss|first1=Mitch|last2=Maurer|first2=Kevin|title=No Way Out: A Story of Valor in the Mountains of Afghanistan|accessdate=29 July 2017|date=31 December 2012|publisher=Berkley Caliber|language=English |isbn=9780425253403|page=299|quote=Up until the late nineteenth century, many Nuristanis practiced a primitive form of Hinduism. It was the last area in Afghanistan to convert to Islam—and the conversion was accomplished by the sword.}}</ref> Beberapa praktik keagamaan non-Muslim masih bertahan di Nuristan hingga kini.