Black Panther Party: Perbedaan antara revisi

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'''''Black Panther Party''''' ('''BPP'''), awalnya disebut '''''Black Panther Party for Self-Defense''''', adalah sebuah organisasi politik yang didirikan oleh [[Bobby Seale]] dan [[Huey P. Newton|Huey Newton]] pada Oktober 1966.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America|url=https://archive.org/details/waitingtilmidnig00jose|last=Joseph|first=Peniel|authorlink=Peniel E. Joseph|publisher=Henry Holt|year=2006|isbn=|location=|page=[https://archive.org/details/waitingtilmidnig00jose/page/219 219]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=New Day in Babylon: The Black Power Movement and American Culture, 1965-1975|year=1992|url=https://archive.org/details/newdayinbabylonb00vand|last=Van Deburg|first=William L.|authorlink=William L. Van Deburg|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=|isbn=|location=|page=[https://archive.org/details/newdayinbabylonb00vand/page/155 155]}}</ref> Partai ini aktif di [[Amerika Serikat]] dari tahun 1966 hingga 1982, dan beberapa cabang juga beroperasi di [[Britania Raya]] pada awal era 1970-an<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/27/britain-black-power-movement-risk-forgotten-historians|title=Britain's black power movement is at risk of being forgotten, say historians|last=Brown|first=Mark|date=27 December 2013|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref> serta di [[Aljazair]] dari tahun 1969 hingga 1972.<ref>{{Citation|last=Meghelli|first=Samir|contribution="From Harlem to Algiers: Transnational Solidarities Between the African American Freedom Movement and Algeria, 1962-1978"|title=Black Routes to Islam|editor-last=Marable|editor-first=Manning|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2009|pages=99–119.}}</ref>
 
Pada hari kelahirannya tanggal 15 Oktober 1966,<ref name="founded oct 15">{{Cite news|title=October 15, 1966: The Black Panther Party Is Founded|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/october-15-1966-the-black-panther-party-is-founded/|newspaper=The Nation|access-date=2015-12-15|issn=0027-8378}}</ref> kegiatan utama kelompok ini adalah patroli bersenjata untuk mengawasi perilaku petugas [[Departemen Kepolisian Oakland]] dan menentang [[kebrutalan polisi]] di kota tersebut. Pada tahun 1969, program sosial menjadi aktivitas utama anggota partai.<ref>{{harvnb|Austin|2006}}; {{harvnb|Bloom|Martin|2013|}}; {{harvnb|March|2010}}; {{harvnb|Joseph|2006}}</ref> Salah satu di antaranya adalah program [[Free Breakfast for Children]] (Sarapan Gratis untuk Anak-anak).<ref name="Pearson">{{harvnb|Pearson|1994|p=152}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Bloom|Martin|2013|loc=chapter 7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight against Medical Discrimination.|last=Nelson|first=Alondra|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=2011|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> Partai ini memiliki banyak anggota di kawasan Oakland-San Francisco, [[New York City|New York]], [[Chicago]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Seattle]], dan [[Philadelphia]].<ref name="depts.washington.edu">{{cite web|title=Mapping the Black Panther Party in Key Cities|url=http://depts.washington.edu/moves/BPP_map-cities.shtml|website=Mapping American Social Movements}}</ref>