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Baris 2: ==Latar belakang== Kehidupan bersama antara paham Kristiani dan kebudayaan lain dimulai semenjak masa kerasulan. Yesus memerintahkan murid-muridnya untuk menyebarkan ajaran-Nya hingga ke ujung bumi (Injil Markus 28:28; 16; 15) sebelum kenaikan-Nya ke surga namun tidak memberi tahu bagaimana caranya.<ref>Franzen Kirchengeschichte, 18</ref> Pidato Santo Paulus kepada orang-orang Yunani di Aeropagus di Athena (Kitab Kisah Para Rasul 17:22-33) bisa dianggap sebagai usaha inkulturasi yang pertama. Pidato itu tidak diterima dengan baik, menurut ayat 32: "Ketika mereka mendengar tentang kebangkitan orang mati, maka ada yang mengejek."<ref>(ESV)</ref> Pada atau sekitar tahun 50, para rasul bertemy dalam Konsili Gereja pertama, [[Konsili Yerusalem]], untuk menentukan apakah akan menyertakan orang-orang non-Yahudi dan memadukan kebudayaan orang-orang tersebut.<ref name="McManners37">McManners, ''Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity'' (2002), p. 37, Chapter 1 The Early Christian Community subsection entitled "Rome", quote: "In Acts 15 scripture recorded the apostles meeting in synod to reach a common policy about the Gentile mission."</ref><ref name="McManners371">McManners, ''Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity'' (2002), pp. ~~37–8~~37–8, Chapter 1 The Early Christian Community subsection entitled "Rome", quote: "The 'synod' or, in Latin, 'council' (the modern distinction making a synod something less than a council was unknown in antiquity) became an indispensable way of keeping a common mind, and helped to keep maverick individuals from centrifugal tendencies. During the third century synodal government became so developed that synods used to meet not merely at times of crisis but on a regular basis every year, normally between Easter and Pentecost."</ref> Di [[Konsili Yerusalem]] ini diresmikan bahwa orang-orang Yahudi dan non-Yahudi bisa diterima sebagai umat Kristiani. Konflik-konflik kebudayaan antara umat Kristiani Yahudi dan umat Kristiani non-Yahudi terus berlangsung hingga agama Kristen masuk ke dalam kebudayaan Yunani-Romawi.<ref>Franzen,319</ref> Inkulturasi yang sama terjadi ketika [[Kekaisaran Romawi]] berakhir dan kebudayaan-kebudayaan [[Jermanik]] dan [[Abad Pertengahan]] menjadi dominan - sebuah proses yang memakan waktu berabad-abad.<ref>Franzen 319</ref> Para pelaksana pertama dari inkulturasi ini dalam sejarah penyebaran Injil diantaranya adalah Santo [[Patrick (santo)\|Patrick]] di [[Irlandia]] dan Santo [[Siril dan Metodius]] bagi orang-orang [[Slavia]] di [[Eropa Timur]]. Setelah terjadinya skisma tahun 1054, pengaruh [[Gereja Katolik Roma]] sebagian besar hanya terbatas pada bagian barat Benua Eropa. Telah terjadi berbagai usaha yang gagal untuk memperluas ruang lingkup pengaruhnya terhadap kebudayaan-kebudayaan [[Timur Tengah]] (melalui [[Perang Salib]]) dan terhadap Kekaisaran Latin di [[Konstantinopel]] (1204-1261). [[Reformasi Protestan]] menyebabkan perpecahan di dalam Gereja Barat. Namun, di saat yang sama, penemuan-penemuan penjelajah Spanyol dan Portugis akan Benua Amerika, Asia dan Afrika memperluas hubungan dengan berbagai kebudayaan dan peradaban yang lain.<ref>Franzen 321</ref> Baris 11: ===China=== [[~~image~~Berkas:Ricci1.jpg\|frame\|right\| Matteo Ricci (left) and [[Xu Guangqi]] (right) in the Chinese edition of ''[[Euclid's Elements]]'', published in 1607.]] {{main\|Chinese Rites controversy}} The [[Jesuit]]s [[Matteo Ricci]], [[Adam Schall von Bell]] and others had successfully introduced Christianity to China. Ricci and Schall were appointed by the [[Chinese Emperor]] in[[ Peking]] to be court [[mathematician]]s court [[astronomer]] and even [[Mandarin]]. The first Catholic Church was built in Peking in [[1650]].<ref>Franzen 323</ref> The emperor granted freedom of religion to Catholics. Ricci had adapted the Catholic faith to Chinese thinking, permitting among others the cultic veneration of ancestors, which he described as a mere cultural practice. The Holy See disagreed, deeming the veneration an act of worship and hence [[idolatry]], and forbade any adaptation in the so-called [[Chinese Rites controversy]] in 1692 and 1742. The Chinese emperor felt duped and refused to permit any alteration of the existing Christian practices. The Church experienced missionary setbacks in 1721 when the [[Kangxi Emperor]] to outlaw Christian missions.<ref name="McManners328">McManners, ''Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity'' (1990), p. 328, Chapter 9 The Expansion of Christianity by [[John McManners]]</ref> According to Franzen, "The Vatican policy was the death of the missions in China." <ref>Franzen 324</ref> Baris 23: ===Pius XII=== [[~~Image~~Berkas:Tardpio12.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|''Pius XII with his closest co-worker: Monsignore [[Domenico Tardini]] in October 1958'']] In 1939 [[Pope Pius XII]], within weeks of his coronation, radically [[Pope Pius XII and the Church in China\|reverted the 250 year old Vatican policy]] and permitted the veneration of dead family members in [[China]]. <ref>Franzen 324</ref> Baris 53: ==Pranala luar== * ''Jesus Living in Mary: Handbook of the Spirituality of St. Louis de Montfort''. Chapter: [http://www.ewtn.com/library/Montfort/Handbook/Incult.htm "Inculturation"] * [http://www.adoremus.org/1096-Beall.html Translation and Inculturation in the Catholic Church] by Stephen M. Beall Baris 61: [[Kategori:Istilah dalam Gereja Katolik Roma]] [[de:Inkulturation]]▼ [[en:Inculturation]] [[fr:Inculturation]] [[no:Inkulturasjon]] [[pl:Inkulturacja]] ▲[[de:Inkulturation]]

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