Perang Pasifik: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Oaakaoakwoal Tag: Dikembalikan VisualEditor Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler |
k Suntingan 103.108.20.78 (bicara) dibatalkan ke versi terakhir oleh Gervant of Shiganshina Tag: Pengembalian |
||
Baris 2:
{{Short description|Theater of World War II fought in the Pacific and Asia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Perang Pasifik
| partof = [[Perang Dunia II]]
| image = {{multiple image|border=infobox|perrow=2/2/2|total_width=300
|image1= Carrier shokaku.jpg
|alt1=
|image2= Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima, larger - edit1.jpg
|alt2=
|image3= Nagasakibomb.jpg
|alt3=
|image4= USS Bunker Hill hit by two Kamikazes.jpg
|alt4=
|image5= 1944 Operation Ichigo IJA invaded Henan.jpg
|alt5=
|image6= Indian troops wade ashore at Akyab, Burma, January 1945. SE2418.jpg
|alt6=}}Searah jarum jam dari kiri atas:
{{flatlist|
* Pesawat [[Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang|Angkatan Laut]] [[Kekaisaran Jepang]] bersiap untuk lepas landas untuk [[Pengeboman Pearl Harbor|menyerang]] [[Pearl Harbor]],
[[Korps Marinir Amerika Serikat | Marinir AS]] mengibarkan bendera
[[Pertempuran Iwo Jima|di Iwo Jima]],
[[USS Bunker Hill (CV-17)|USS Bunker Hill]] setelah diserang oleh [[Kamikaze]],
Tentara India selama [[Kampanye Burma]],
Tentara Jepang di Tiongkok selama [[Operasi Ichi-Go]],
Awan jamur menutupi langit kota [[Nagasaki]] setelah Amerika Serikat [[Pengeboman Hiroshima dan Nagasaki|menjatuhkan bom atom]] di kota tersebut
}}
| caption =
| date = 7 Desember 1941 – 2 September 1945<br/>(3 tahun, 8 bulan, 3 minggu dan 5 hari){{efn|"For fifty-three months, beginning in July 1937, China stood alone, single-handedly fighting an undeclared war against Japan. On 9 December 1941, after Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, China finally declared war against Japan. What had been for so long a war between two countries now became part of a much wider Pacific conflict."<ref name="Hsi-sheng1992"/>}}<ref>{{cite book |first=Youli |last=Sun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Iq5ypmhKxUC&pg=PA185 |title=China and the Origins of the Pacific War, 1931–41 |date=15 September 1996 |publisher=Palgrave MacMillan |page=11 |isbn=9780312164546 }}</ref>
| place = {{ublist|class=nowrap |{{hlist|[[Asia Timur]]|[[Asia Selatan]]|[[Asia Tenggara]]|[[Oseania]]}} |{{hlist|[[Samudra Pasifik]]|[[Samudra Hindia]]}}}}
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| result = Kemenangan [[Blok Sekutu dalam Perang Dunia II|Sekutu]]
* [[Perang Dunia II]] berakhir
* [[Menyerahnya Jepang]]
* [[Perang Saudara Tiongkok]] kembali berlanjut
* Melemahnya kekuatan [[kolonial]] [[Eropa]] secara substansial menyebabkan [[dekolonisasi Asia]] secara bertahap
** [[Perang Indochina Pertama]]
** Terjadinya [[Revolusi Nasional Indonesia|Revolusi Nasional]] di [[Indonesia]]
** [[Perang Korea]]
* [[Perjanjian San Francisco]] (1951)
* [[Deklarasi Bersama Soviet-Jepang 1956|Deklarasi Bersama Soviet-Jepang ]] (1956)
| territory = *[[Pendudukan Sekutu atas Jepang]]
* Penarikan pasukan Jepang yang menduduki sebagian [[Republik Tiongkok (1912-1949)|Tiongkok]] dan pengembalian [[Taiwan]] kepada pemerintah Tiongkok
* Pembebasan [[Korea]] dan [[Manchuria]] dari kekuasaan Jepang, diikuti dengan [[pembagian Korea]]
* Penyerahan [[Mandat Pasifik Selatan|pulau-pulau yang dikuasai Jepang di Samudra Pasifik]] kepada [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]]
* Uni Soviet meng[[aneksasi]] [[Sakhalin Selatan]] dan [[Kepulauan Kuril]] yang sebelumnya dikuasai Jepang
* [[Wilayah Perwalian Kepulauan Pasifik]] dibuat oleh [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] dan ditempatkan di bawah otoritas [[Amerika Serikat]]. Kemudian, [[Dewan Keamanan PBB]] mengakhiri wilayah perwalian secara bertahap dari [[1986]]–[[1994]], dengan AS mendapatkan wilayah [[Kepulauan Mariana Utara]].|<!-------Note: Please check the discussion page before modifying the following combatants. There is a consensus that minor participants in the war should not be included here.-------->
| combatant1 = '''[[Blok Sekutu dalam Perang Dunia II|Blok Sekutu]]''':<br />{{flagcountry|Republic of China (1912–49)}}{{efn|[[Second Sino-Japanese War|Fighting an undeclared war against Japan since 7 July 1937]], declared war 9 December 1941.<ref name=Hsi-sheng1992/>|name="since 1937"}}<br />{{flag|Amerika Serikat|1912}}<br />{{flag|Britania Raya}}
| combatant2 = '''[[Blok Poros]]''':<br />{{flagcountry|Kekaisaran Jepang}}<br /
>{{flag|Thailand}}
| commander1 = {{flagdeco|Republic of China (1912–49)}} [[Chiang Kai-shek]]<br />{{flagdeco|United States|1912}} [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]{{efn|Until April 1945|name="Franklin"}}<br /> {{flagdeco|UK}} [[Winston Churchill]]{{efn|Until July 1945|name="Winston"}}
| commander2 = {{flagdeco|Kekaisaran Jepang}} [[Hirohito]]<br />
▲| casualties2 =
{{flagdeco|Thailand}} [[Plaek Pibulsonggram]]<br />
| strength1 = {{flagicon|Republic of China (1912–49)}} 14,000,000<ref>Hastings pg. 205</ref> <br /> {{flagicon|USA|1912}} 3,621,383+ (1945){{#tag:ref |Strength of the US Military in Asia and the Pacific as of war's end: Army: 1,770,036,<ref>Coakley and Leighton (1989). ''Global Logistics and Strategy 1943–1945'' pg. 836</ref> Navy (excluding Coast Guard and Marines): 1,366,716,<ref>[http://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/u/us-navy-personnel-in-world-war-ii-service-and-casualty-statistics.html US Navy Personnel in World War II Service and Casualty Statistics, Naval History and Heritage Command] Table 9.</ref> and Marine Corps: 484,631.<ref>King, Ernest J. (1945). ''Third Report to the Secretary of the Navy'' pg. 221</ref> These figures do not include the Coast Guard or naval personnel in the China-Burma-India theater.<ref>[http://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/u/us-navy-personnel-in-world-war-ii-service-and-casualty-statistics.html US Navy Personnel in World War II Service and Casualty Statistics, Naval History and Heritage Command] Footnote 2.</ref>|group=nb}} <br /> {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} 400,000<ref name="Hastings pg. 10">Hastings pg. 10</ref> <br /> {{flagicon|British Raj}} 2,000,000<ref name="Hastings pg. 10"/><br />{{flagicon|Netherlands}} 140,000<ref name=chapter10>{{cite web|url= http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/I/AAF-I-10.html |title=Chapter 10: Loss of the Netherlands East Indies |access-date=31 August 2010|work=The Army Air Forces in World War II: Vol. 1 – Plans & Early Operations|publisher=HyperWar}}</ref>{{#tag:ref |These numbers do not include the Royal Netherlands Navy.|group=nb}}<br /> {{flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} 1,747,465 (1945)<ref>Cherevko, "Hammer and Sickle against Samurai Sword" ch. 7 table 7. Combined ground, air, anti-air, and naval personnel.</ref>
| strength2 = {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} 7,800,000-7,900,000 (1945)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cook|title=Japan at War: an Oral History|url=https://archive.org/details/japanatwaroralhi00cook_0|date=1992|publisher=New Press|isbn=978-1-56584-039-3}} pp. 403. Japanese strength is given at 4,335,500 in the Home Islands and 3,527,000 abroad.</ref><ref>[https://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/mharrison/public/ww2overview1998.pdf Harrison pp. 29] Retrieved 10 March 2016</ref><ref>[http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/AJRP2.nsf/530e35f7e2ae7707ca2571e3001a112d/e7daa03b9084ad56ca257209000a85f7?OpenDocument Australia-Japan Research Project, "Dispositions and Deaths"] Retrieved 10 March 2016</ref><br />{{flag icon|Thailand}} 126,500<ref>{{cite book|last=Meyer|first=Milton Walter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEoy7AL0PaYC&pg=PA309&dq=thailand+peak+strength+world+war+two&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMI05HRlP6GyQIVCkgmCh23CA3i#v=onepage&q=thailand%20peak%20strength%20world%20war%20two&f=false|title=Asia: A Concise History|year=1997|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=Lanham|page=309|isbn=9780847680634}}</ref><br />{{Flagicon|Manchukuo|size=23px}}, [[File:Flag of the Republic of China-Nanjing (Peace, Anti-Communism, National Construction).svg|23px|link=Wang Jingwei regime]], {{flagicon|India|1931}} dan [[negara boneka]] Jepang lainnya: ~1,000,000+ (1945)<ref>Jowett, pp. 72</ref>
| casualties1 = {{ublist
| '''Militer'''<br />5 kapal perang<br />11 kapal induk<br />25 kapal penjelajah<br />84 kapal perusak dan pengawal kapal perusak<br />63 kapal selam<ref>[http://www.navsource.org/Naval/losses.htm#dd www.navsource.org] Retrieved 25 July 2015; [http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ www.uboat.net] Retrieved 25 July 2015; [http://www.naval-history.net/WW2aBritishLosses01BB.htm Major British Warship Losses in World War II.] Retrieved 25 July 2015; [http://www.worldnavalships.com/chinese_navy.htm Chinese Navy] Retrieved 26 July 2015.</ref><br/>21,555+ pesawat<ref>Hara, Tameichi, with Fred Saito and Roger Pineau. ''Japanese Destroyer Captain'' (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2011), p. 299.<!--Impossible to confirm on Google Books...--> Figure is for U.S. losses only. China, the British Commonwealth, the USSR and other nations collectively add several thousand more to this total.</ref><br />4,000,000+ tewas {{small|(1937–45)}}{{#tag:ref |3.8 million Chinese military deaths (1937–45; 3.2 million Nationalist/-allied and 580,000 Communist),<ref name="Chinese People Contribute to WWII">{{cite web |title=Chinese People Contribute to WWII |url = http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/celebrations/128172.htm |access-date=23 April 2009}}</ref> 370,0881 United States casualties (at least 111,914 killed [including 13,395 who died as POWs and 5,707 who died of wounds], 248,316 wounded and missing, 16,358 captured and returned),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/p4013coll8&CISOPTR=130&REC=2 |title=United States Dept. of the Army, Army Battle Casualties and Non Battle Deaths in World War II |publisher=Cgsc.cdmhost.com |access-date=2011-06-15 |archive-date=12 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100512130416/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fp4013coll8&CISOPTR=130&REC=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Michael Clodfelter. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' {{ISBN|0-7864-1204-6}}. p 585</ref> 52,000 British casualties including 12,000 deaths in captivity,{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} 87,028 British Indian soldiers killed<ref>[http://www.cwgc.org/learning-and-resources/publications/annual-report.aspx Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013-2014], page 44. Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials.</ref><ref name=dower>Dower, John William (1987), ''War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War''. Pantheon</ref>{{Page needed|date=September 2010}} 17,501 Australians killed<ref>{{cite book |last=Dear, I.C.B and Foot, M.R.D. (editors) |title=The Oxford Companion to World War II |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2005 |page=66 |chapter=Australia |isbn=978-0-19-280670-3}}</ref> 27,000 killed (including POWs who died in captivity), 70,000+ captured (not including those who died), unknown wounded from the [[Philippine Commonwealth]] (not including guerrilla forces),<ref>{{cite book|last=Gruhl|first=Werner|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ow5Wlmu9MPQC&q=27%2C000#v=snippet&q=27%2C000&f=false%7c1|title=Imperial Japan's World War Two|year=2007|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick|page=65|isbn=9780765803528}}</ref> around 9,400 Dutch killed including 8,500 who died in captivity (likely not including colonial forces),{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} 578 New Zealander casualties,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.beehive.govt.nz/speech/honouring+nz039s+pacific+war+dead |title=Honouring NZ's Pacific War dead |publisher=Beehive |date=15 August 2005 |access-date=31 October 2010}}</ref> 63,225 Soviet casualties (12,031 killed and missing, 42,428 wounded and sick; does not count the 1938–1939 [[Soviet-Japanese Border Wars]]), 5000 French military casualties in Indochina, 300 Mongolian casualties<ref>{{cite web |title=Russia and USSR in Wars of the 20th Century |url = http://www.soldat.ru/doc/casualties/book/chapter5_10_1.html#5_10_51 |access-date=11 July 2008 |publisher=И.И.Ивлев |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080505031426/http://www.soldat.ru/doc/casualties/book/chapter5_10_1.html#5_10_51 <!--Bot retrieved archive--> |archive-date=5 May 2008}}</ref> and 5 Mexican deaths<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.avalanchepress.com/MexicanAirForce.php |title=Leyte Gulf: The Mexican Air Force|work=Avalanche Press|access-date=1 December 2015}}</ref> [[Malaria]] was the most important health hazard encountered by U.S. troops in the South Pacific during World War II, where about 500,000 men were infected.<ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=XhNYUkgX0rQC&pg=PA51&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false Science and the Pacific War: Science and Survival in the Pacific, 1939–1945]''". Roy M. MacLeod (2000). p. 51. {{ISBN|0-7923-5851-1}}</ref> |group=nb}}
| '''Kematian warga sipil'''<br/>26,000,000+ {{small|(1937–45)}}{{#tag:ref |Over 17 million Chinese civilian deaths (1937–45);<ref name="Chinese People Contribute to WWII"/> around 4 million civilian deaths from the Dutch East Indies;<ref name=dower/>{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}, 1-2 million Indochinese civilians;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mailman.anu.edu.au/pipermail/hepr-vn/2008-August/000188.html |title=Vietnam needs to remember famine of 1945 |publisher=Mailman.anu.edu.au |access-date=31 October 2010}}</ref> around 3 million<ref>{{cite book|last1=Amartya Sen|title=Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation|url=https://archive.org/details/povertyfamineses0000sena|date=1981|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London|isbn=9780195649543|page=[https://archive.org/details/povertyfamineses0000sena/page/203 203]|ref=bf431}}</ref> Indian civilian deaths in the [[Bengal famine of 1943]]; 0.5 to 1 million<ref>Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007 {{ISBN|978-0-7658-0352-8}} p. 143-144</ref> Filipino civilian deaths; 250,000<ref>Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd ed. 2002 {{ISBN|0-7864-1204-6}}. p. 556</ref> to 1,000,000<ref name=McLynn>McLynn, The Burma Campaign: Disaster into Triumph, 1942–1945, pg. 1.</ref> Burmese civilian deaths; 50,000<ref>Ruas, Óscar Vasconcelos, "Relatório 1946-47", AHU</ref> [[Portuguese Timor|East Timorese]] civilian deaths; and hundreds of thousands of Malayan, Pacific and other civilian deaths.<ref name=dower/>{{Page needed|date=September 2010}} |group=nb}}
}}
| casualties2 = {{ublist
| '''Militer'''<br/>11 kapal perang<br/>25 kapal induk<br/>39 kapal penjelajah<br/>135 kapal perusak<br/>131 kapal selam<ref>Hara, p. 297.</ref><br/>43,125+ pesawat<ref>Hara, p. 299. Figure is for Japanese aircraft only.</ref><br/>2,500,000+ tewas {{small|(1937–45)}}{{#tag:ref |2,133,915 Japanese military deaths 1937–45,<ref>Bren, John (3 June 2005) [http://japanfocus.org/-John-Breen/2060 "Yasukuni Shrine: Ritual and Memory"] ''Japan Focus''. Retrieved on 5 June 2009.</ref> 1.18 million Chinese collaborator casualties 1937–45 (432,000 dead),<ref>[[R. J. Rummel]]. ''China's Bloody Century''. Transaction 1991 {{ISBN|0-88738-417-X}}. Table 5A</ref> 22,000 Burmese casualties,{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} 5,600 Thai troops killed,<ref name="Eiji Murashima 2006">Eiji Murashima, "The Commemorative Character of Thai Historiography: The 1942–43 Thai Military Campaign in the Shan States Depicted as a Story of National Salvation and the Restoration of Thai Independence" ''Modern Asian Studies'', v40, n4 (2006) pp. 1053–1096, p1057n:</ref> and 2,615 Indian National Army ([[Azad Hind]]) killed/missing.<ref>Michael Clodfelter. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' {{ISBN|0-7864-1204-6}}. p 556</ref> |group=nb}}
| '''Kematian warga sipil'''<br/>1,000,000+{{#tag:ref |460,000 Japanese civilian deaths (338,000 in the bombings of Japan,<ref>[https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP13.HTM STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE: Chapter 13: Death By American Bombing], [[RJ Rummel]], University of Hawaii.</ref> 100,000 in the [[Battle of Okinawa]], 22,000 in the [[Battle of Saipan]]), 543,000 Korean civilian deaths (mostly due to Japanese forced labor projects),<ref>Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007 {{ISBN|978-0-7658-0352-8}} p. 19</ref> 2,000-8,000 Thai civilian deaths<ref>E. Bruce Reynolds, "Aftermath of Alliance: The Wartime Legacy in Thai-Japanese Relations", ''Journal of Southeast Asian Studies'', v21, n1, March 1990, pp. 66–87. "An [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] document (XL 30948, RG 226, USNA) quotes Thai Ministry of Interior figures of 8,711 air raids deaths in 1944–45 and damage to more than 10,000 buildings, most of them totally destroyed. However, an account by [[Seni Pramoj|M. R. Seni Pramoj]] (a typescript entitled 'The Negotiations Leading to the Cessation of a State of War with Great Britain' and filed under ''Papers on World War II'', at the Thailand Information Center, Chulalongkorn University, p. 12) indicates that only about 2,000 Thai died in air raids."</ref>|group=nb}}
}}
| notes = {{ublist |{{sup|a}} Including its islands and neighboring countries. |{{sup|b}} Partially and briefly.}}}}
Baris 134 ⟶ 196:
[[Kategori:Pertempuran Perang Dunia II melibatkan Kanada]]
[[Kategori:Pertempuran Perang Dunia II melibatkan Rusia]]
| |||