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== Kehidupan awal ==
Ubaidillah adalah putra dari [[Ziyad bin Abihi]] yang asal usul keturunannya tidak jelas; Ziyad lahir di luar nikah dan ayahnya tidak diketahui, sedangkan ibu Ubaidillah adalah selir dari [[Persia]] yang bernama Marjanah.<ref name="Robinson763">Robinson, p. 763.</ref> Ziyad menjabat sebagai Gubernur [[Umayyah]] di Irak dan wilayah timur provinsi tersebut, yang dikenal sebagai [[Khurasan]], pada masa pemerintahan Khalifah [[Muawiyah I]] (memerintah 661–680).<ref>Hasson 2002, p. 519.</ref>
== Sebagai Gubernur Irak dan Khurasan ==
Ubayd Allah's father prepared Ziyad to succeed him as governor, and indeed, after Ziyad's death in 672/673, Ubayd Allah became governor of Khurasan.<ref name="Robinson763"/> A year or two later, he was also appointed to the governorship of [[Basra]].<ref name="Robinson763"/> According to historian [[Hugh N. Kennedy]], Ubayd Allah was "more hasty and given to the use of force than his father, but a man whose devotion to the Umayyad cause could not have been doubted".<ref>Kennedy 2004, p. 74.</ref>
In 674 he crossed the [[Amu Darya]] and defeated the forces of the ruler of [[Bukhara]] in the first known invasion of the city by Muslim Arabs.<ref>Gibb 2007, pp. 17–19.</ref> From at least 674 and 675, Ubayd Allah had coins struck in his name in Khurasan and Basra, respectively.<ref name="Robinson763"/> They were based on [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] coinage and written in [[Pahlavi script]].<ref name="Robinson763"/> The mints were located in Basra, Darabjird, [[Maysan Governorate|Maysan]], [[Narmashir]], Jayy and, to a lesser extent, [[Kufa]].<ref name="Robinson763"/> The latter was attached to Ubayd Allah's governorship in 679/680, giving him full control of Iraq.<ref name="Robinson763"/>
===Suppression of the Shia of Ali===
Mu'awiya died in 680 and was succeeded by his son [[Yazid I]]. Mu'awiya's designation of his son was an unprecedented act and shocked many in the Muslim community, particularly the Arab nobility of Kufa.<ref name="Kennedy77">Kennedy 2004, p. 77.</ref> They long sympathized with Caliph [[Ali]], Mu'awiya's former rival, and Ali's family.<ref name="Kennedy77"/> One of Ali's sons, [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]] dispatched his cousin [[Muslim ibn Aqil]] to Kufa to set the stage for Husayn's accession to the caliphate.<ref name="Donner178">Donner 2010, p. 178.</ref><ref name="Wellhausen147">Wellhausen 1927, pp. 146–147.</ref> Ibn Aqil garnered significant support and was hosted by a prominent pro-[[Alid]] nobleman.<ref name="Donner178"/><ref name="Wellhausen147"/> Ubayd Allah became aware of Ibn Aqil's activities, prompting the latter to launch a premature assault against the governor.<ref name="Wellhausen147"/> Ubayd Allah was holed up in his palace, but thirty men from his ''[[shurta]]'' (security forces) fended off Ibn Aqil's partisans, allowing Ubayd Allah to escape.<ref>Kennedy 2001, p. 13.</ref> He then persuaded many Kufan noblemen to back him against Ibn Aqil, who was abandoned by his supporters and slain on 10 September 680.<ref name="Wellhausen147"/><ref>Crone 1980, p. 32.</ref>
Husayn had already been en route to Kufa from [[Medina]] when he received news of Ibn Aqil's execution.<ref name="Donner178"/><ref name="Wellhausen147"/> Ubayd Allah was prepared for Husayn's arrival and sent troops to intercept him.<ref name="Donner178"/> They prevented Husayn and his small retinue from reaching the watered areas of the province.<ref name="Kennedy77"/> The two sides negotiated for weeks, but Ubayd Allah refused Husayn entry into Kufa while Husayn refused to recognize Yazid's caliphate or return to Arabia.<ref name="Donner178"/> In the end, a short battle was fought at [[Karbala]] on 10 October 680, in which Husayn and nearly all of his partisans were slain.<ref name="Kennedy77"/><ref name="Donner178"/><ref name="Wellhausen147"/> Husayn had never received the expected backing of his Kufan sympathizers, but the latter's resentment festered as a result of his death.<ref name="Kennedy77"/> The slaying of Husayn, a grandson of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]], perturbed many Muslims.<ref name="Kennedy77"/>
== Role in Umayyad succession ==
The death of Yazid in 683 led to a major leadership crisis in the caliphate, and "the power of his house seemed to collapse everywhere", in the words of Orientalist [[Julius Wellhausen]].<ref name="Wellhausen169">Wellhausen 1927, p. 169.</ref> Ubayd Allah initially neglected to support Yazid's son and designated successor, [[Mu'awiyah II|Mu'awiya II]] and secured oaths of allegiance to himself from the Basran Arab nobility.<ref name="Wellhausen169"/> In a speech addressed to them, he emphasized his connection to Basra and promised to maintain the wealth of the city's inhabitants.<ref name="Kennedy78">Kennedy 2004, p. 78.</ref> Nonetheless, the Basrans turned against him, forcing him to abandon his palace.<ref name="Kennedy78"/><ref name="Madelung301">Madelung 1981, p. 301.</ref> He was replaced by Abd Allah ibn al-Harith, a member of the [[Banu Hashim]].<ref name="Madelung301"/> Ubayd Allah took refuge with the [[Azd]]i chieftain Mas'ud ibn Amr in late 683 or early 684.<ref name="Madelung301"/> He plotted to restore his governorship by encouraging Mas'ud to form an alliance of the Yamani and Rabi'a tribes against his opponents from the [[Banu Tamim]] and Ibn al-Harith.<ref name="Madelung303">Madelung 1981, p. 303.</ref> Mas'ud took to the pulpit of Basra's mosque to stir up the revolt, but Tamimi tribesmen, under Ibn al-Harith's direction, stormed the building and killed Mas'ud.<ref name="Madelung303"/> After Mas'ud's death, Ubayd Allah fled the city practically alone in March 684, taking the Syrian desert route to [[Hawran]] or [[Palmyra]].<ref name="Kennedy78"/><ref name="Madelung301"/><ref>Wellhausen 1927, p. 175.</ref> In his rush to escape, he left his wife and family behind.<ref name="Madelung303"/>
When Ubayd Allah arrived in Syria, he found it in political disarray; Caliph Mu'awiya II had died weeks into his rule and a power vacuum ensued with many Syrian noblemen, particularly from the [[Qays]]i tribes, switching allegiance to the rival, Mecca-based caliphate of [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr]].<ref name="Kennedy78"/> The latter had expelled the Umayyads from the [[Hejaz]] and among the exiles to Syria was [[Marwan I|Marwan ibn al-Hakam]], an Umayyad elder.<ref>Kennedy 2004, pp. 78–79.</ref> Ubayd Allah persuaded Marwan, who was preparing to recognize Ibn al-Zubayr's sovereignty, to enter his candidacy as Mu'awiya II's successor.<ref name="Kennedy79">Kennedy 2004, p. 79.</ref> The Umayyads' principal Syrian allies, the [[Banu Kalb]], had sought to maintain Umayyad rule and nominated Mu'awiya II's half-brother Khalid as caliph.<ref name="Kennedy79"/> However, the other pro-Umayyad Syrian tribes viewed Khalid as too young and inexperienced, and rallied around Marwan, who was ultimately chosen as caliph.<ref name="Kennedy79"/>
== Kampanye militer di Suriah dan Al-Jazirah ==
Ubaidillah berperang untuk mendukung Marwan dan sekutu sukunya melawan suku-suku Qais dibawah pimpinan [[Adh-Dhahhak bin Qais]], seorang gubernur [[Jund Dimasyq|Damaskus]], pada [[Pertempuran Marj Rahith]] bulan Agustus 684.<ref name="Robinson763"/> Pasukan Qais dikalahkan dan Adh-Dhahhak terbunuh. Ubayd Allah was put in command of Marwan's army which, during Marj Rahit, consisted 6,000 men from a handful of loyalist tribes.<ref name="Kennedy32">Kennedy 2001, p. 32.</ref> According to Kennedy, Ubayd Allah "clearly intended to rebuild the Syrian army which had served Mu'awiya and Yazid I so well".<ref name="Kennedy32"/> In the aftermath of Marj Rahit, Ubayd Allah oversaw campaigns against rebel Qaysi tribes for Marwan and his son and successor [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|Abd al-Malik]] (r. 685–705) in the [[Al-Jazira (caliphal province)|Jazira]].<ref name="Robinson763"/> However, Marwan's forces were too little to assert Umayyad rule throughout the caliphate.<ref name="Kennedy32"/> Thus, Ubayd Allah expanded recruitment to include various Qaysi tribes.<ref name="Kennedy32"/> He placed [[Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni]] of [[Kindah]] as his second-in-command, and Shurahbil ibn Dhi'l-Kila' of [[Himyar]], Adham ibn Muhriz of [[Bahila]], al-Rabi'a ibn Mukhariq of [[Banu Ghani]] and Jabala ibn Abd Allah of [[Khath'am]] as deputy commanders.<ref name="Kennedy32"/> Other than Husayn ibn Numayr, all the other commanders were either Qaysi or had earlier supported al-Dahhak against Marwan.<ref name="Kennedy32"/>
In January 685, as Ubayd Allah was in [[Manbij]] preparing for the Umayyad reconquest of Iraq, Husayn ibn Numayr defeated the pro-Alid Penitents at the [[Battle of Ayn al-Warda]].<ref name="Robinson763"/><ref name="Wellhausen185">Wellhausen 1927, p. 185.</ref> Ubayd Allah had been promised by Marwan the governorship over all of the lands he could conquer from the Alids and Ibn al-Zubayr, and he may have been sanctioned to plunder Kufa.<ref name="Wellhausen185"/> For the following year, Ubayd Allah was bogged down in battles with the Qaysi tribes of Jazira led by [[Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi]].<ref name="Wellhausen185"/> By 686, Ubayd Allah's army numbered some 60,000 troops.<ref name="Kennedy32"/>
By the time Ubayd Allah's army approached [[Mosul]] toward Iraq, the Zubayrids under [[Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr]] had established themselves in Basra while [[Al-Mukhtar|al-Mukhtar ibn Ubayd]] took control of Kufa in the name of the Alid [[Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah|Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya]].<ref name="Kennedy81">Kennedy 2004, p. 81.</ref> Al-Mukhtar dispatched [[Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar]] and an army composed largely of non-Arab freedmen to confront Ubayd Allah.<ref name="Kennedy81"/> The latter fended off the first wave of al-Mukhtar's troops, and proceeded to face off Ibn al-Ashtar at the [[Khazir River]].<ref name="Kennedy81"/> In the ensuing [[Battle of Khazir]], the Umayyad army was routed and Ubayd Allah was slain by Ibn al-Ashtar.<ref name="Kennedy81"/> His commanders Husayn, Shurahbil and al-Rabi'a were also killed.<ref name="Kennedy81"/> With Ubayd Allah's death, Caliph Abd al-Malik halted further advances against Iraq until 691.<ref name="Kennedy81"/>
== Lihat pula ==
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