Pemangsaan: Perbedaan antara revisi

Pemangsaan biji terbatas pada binatang menyusui, burung, dan serangga, serta ditemukan di hampir semua ekosistem daratan.<ref name=HulmeBenkman2002>{{cite book |author1=Hulme, P. E. |author2=Benkman, C. W. |year=2002 |title=Granivory |pages=132–154 |work=Plant animal Interactions: An Evolutionary Approach |editor=C. M. Herrera and O. Pellmyr |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=978-0-632-05267-7}}</ref><ref name=Janzen/> Pemangsaan telur mencakup pemangsa telur ahli, seperti beberapa [[ular]] [[kolubrid]] dan yang umum, seperti rubah dan ''badger'' yang mengambil telur secara oportunistis ketika menemukannya.<ref name="HanssenErikstad2012">{{cite journal | last1=Hanssen | first1=Sveinn Are | last2=Erikstad | first2=Kjell Einar | title=The long-term consequences of egg predation | journal=Behavioral Ecology | volume=24 | issue=2 | date=2012 | doi=10.1093/beheco/ars198 | pages=564–569| doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Pike Clark Manica Tseng p. ">{{cite journal | last1=Pike | first1=David A. | last2=Clark | first2=Rulon W. | last3=Manica | first3=Andrea | last4=Tseng | first4=Hui-Yun | last5=Hsu | first5=Jung-Ya | last6=Huang | first6=Wen-San | title=Surf and turf: predation by egg-eating snakes has led to the evolution of parental care in a terrestrial lizard | journal=Scientific Reports | volume=6 | issue=1 | pages=22207 | date=2016-02-26 | doi=10.1038/srep22207| pmid=26915464 | pmc=4768160 | bibcode=2016NatSR...622207P }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ainsworth |first1=Gill |last2=Calladine |first2=John |last3=Martay |first3=Blaise |last4=Park |first4=Kirsty |last5=Redpath |first5=Steve |last6=Wernham |first6=Chris |last7=Wilson |first7=Mark |last8=Young |first8=Juliette |title=Understanding Predation: A review bringing together natural science and local knowledge of recent wild bird population changes and their drivers in Scotland |date=2017 |publisher=Scotland's Moorland Forum |pages=233–234 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299389845|doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.1014.6960 }}</ref>

 

 

Banyak spesies [[protozoa]] ([[eukariota]]) dan [[bakteri]] ([[prokariota]]) memangsa mikroorganisme lain, yang merupakan cara makan yang terbukti kuno, dan berevolusi berkali-kali pada kedua kelompok.<ref name=VelicerMendes-Soares2007/><ref name=Stevens2010/><ref name="JurkevitchDavidov2006">{{cite book | last1=Jurkevitch | first1=Edouard | last2=Davidov | first2=Yaacov | title=Predatory Prokaryotes | url=https://archive.org/details/predatoryprokary00jurk | url-access=limited | chapter=Phylogenetic Diversity and Evolution of Predatory Prokaryotes | publisher=Springer |date=2006 | isbn=978-3-540-38577-6 | doi=10.1007/7171_052 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/predatoryprokary00jurk/page/n17 11]–56}}</ref> Di antara [[zooplankton]] air tawar dan laut, baik bersel tunggal, maupun bersel banyak, pemamahan pemangsa pada [[fitoplankton]] dan zooplankton yang lebih kecil adalah hal yang biasa, dan ditemukan pada banyak spesies [[Flagellata|nanoflagelata]], [[Dinophyta|dinoflagelata]], [[siliata]], [[rotifera]], beragam larva binatang [[meroplankton]], dan dua kelompok krustasea, yaitu [[copepoda|kopepoda]] dan [[kutu air]].<ref name="HansenBjørnsenHansen1997">{{cite journal | last1=Hansen | first1=Per Juel | last2=Bjørnsen | first2=Peter Koefoed | last3=Hansen | first3=Benni Winding | title=Zooplankton grazing and growth: Scaling within the 2-2,-μm body size range | journal=Limnology and Oceanography | volume=42 | issue=4 | year=1997 | doi=10.4319/lo.1997.42.4.0687 | pages=687–704| bibcode=1997LimOc..42..687H | doi-access=free }} summarizes findings from many authors.</ref>