Reconquista: Perbedaan antara revisi

''Reconquista'' bukan sekadar perang dan usaha penaklukan, melainkan juga usaha [[kolonisasi|repopulasi]]. Raja-raja Kristen memindahkan rakyat mereka ke daerah-daerah yang ditinggalkan umat Muslim dengan maksud membentuk populasi yang dapat diberdayakan untuk mempertahankan daerah-daerah perbatasan. Daerah-daerah utama yang direpopulasi adalah daerah Lembah [[Sungai Douro]] (dataran tinggi utara), Lembah [[Ebro]] ([[La Rioja (Spanyol)|La Rioja]]), dan kawasan tengah [[Katalunya]]. Repopulasi daerah Lembah Sungai Douro berlangsung dua kali, yakni antara abad ke-9 sampai abad ke-10 di daerah tepi utara dengan menerapkan sistem "penyerobotan" lahan (''presura''), dan antara abad ke-10 sampai abad ke-11 di daerah tepi selatan dengan sistem yang sama tetapi berbuntut pada penerbitan "piagam-piagam" penguasaan lahan (''[[foral|forais]]'' atau ''[[fueros]]''). ''Fueros'' bahkan digunakan pula di daerah sebelah selatan kawasan tengah Pegunungan Pirenia.

 

 

During the 10th century and onwards, cities and towns gained more importance and power, as commerce reappeared and the population kept growing. ''[[Fuero]]s'' were [[charter]]s documenting the privileges and usages given to all the people repopulating a town. The ''fueros'' provided a means of escape from the [[feudal system]], as ''fueros'' were only granted by the monarch. As a result, the town council was dependent on the monarch alone and, in turn, was required to provide ''auxilium'' – aid or troops – for their monarch. The military force of the towns became the ''caballeros villanos''. The first ''fuero'' was given by count [[Fernán González]] to the inhabitants of [[Castrojeriz]] in the 940's. The most important towns of medieval Hispania had ''fueros'', or ''forais''. In Navarre, ''fueros'' were the main repopulating system. Later on, in the 12th century, Aragon also employed the system; for example, the ''fuero'' of [[Teruel]], which was one of the last fueros, in the early 13th century.