Ingenuity: Perbedaan antara revisi

NASA JPL dan [[Institut Teknologi California|Caltech]] telah mempertimbangkan robot pengintai udara untuk menemani penjelajah ''Perseverance'' sejak tahun 2014.<ref name="Witold 2018">[https://rotorcraft.arc.nasa.gov/Publications/files/Koning_2018_TechMx.pdf Generation of Mars Helicopter Rotor Model for Comprehensive Analyses]. (PDF) Witold J. F. Koning, Wayne Johnson, Brian G. Allan. NASA Rotorcraft. 2018 {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>J. Balaram and P. T. Tokumaru, "Rotorcrafts for Mars Exploration", in 11th International Planetary Probe Workshop, 2014.</ref> Pada pertengahan 2016, dibutuhkan pendanaan sebesar US $15 juta agar pengembangan helikopter ini dapat terus berjalan.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Berger|first=Eric|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/05/four-wild-technologies-lawmakers-want-nasa-to-pursue/|title=Four wild technologies lawmakers want NASA to pursue|work=ARS Technica|date=May 24, 2016|access-date=May 24, 2016}}</ref> Pada Desember 2017, model rekayasa kendaraan telah diuji dalam simulator kondisi permukaan Mars<ref name="Balaram 2018">[https://rotorcraft.arc.nasa.gov/Publications/files/Balaram_AIAA2018_0023.pdf Mars Helicopter Technology Demonstrator]. (PDF) J. (Bob) Balaram, Timothy Canham, Courtney Duncan, Matt Golombek, Håvard Fjær Grip, Wayne Johnson, Justin Maki, Amelia Quon, Ryan Stern, and David Zhu. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), SciTech Forum Conference; January 8–12, 2018, Kissimmee, Florida. {{Doi|10.2514/6.2018-0023}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="Aung May2018">[https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/05/14/helicopter-to-accompany-nasas-next-mars-rover-to-red-planet/ Helicopter to accompany NASA's next Mars rover to Red Planet]. Stephen Clarke, ''Spaceflight Now''. May 14, 2018</ref> dan di Kutub Utara, meskipun pendanaan misi belum disetujui atau.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/news/nasa-projects-may-soon-use-drones-for-space-exploration-mars/|title=Drones on Mars? NASA Projects May Soon Use Drones for Space Exploration|work=All About Circuits|first=Chantelle|last=Dubois|date=November 29, 2017}}</ref> Anggaran federal Amerika Serikat diumumkan pada Maret 2018, menyediakan pendanaaan sebesar $23 juta untuk helikopter.<ref>[http://spacenews.com/nasa-mars-exploration-efforts-turn-to-operating-existing-missions-and-planning-sample-return/ NASA Mars exploration efforts turn to operating existing missions and planning sample return]. Jeff Foust, ''Space News''. February 23, 2018</ref><ref>[https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/03/15/nasa-to-decide-soon-whether-flying-drone-will-launch-with-mars-2020-rover/ NASA to decide soon whether flying drone will launch with Mars 2020 rover]. Stephen Clarke, ''Spaceflight Now''. March 15, 2018</ref> Pada 11 Mei 2018, diumumkan bahwa proses pengembangkan dan pengujian helikoptermdapat diselesaikan sebelum peluncuran misi Mars 2020.<ref name="HMS approved">[https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/mars-helicopter-to-fly-on-nasa-s-next-red-planet-rover-mission Mars Helicopter to Fly on NASA's Next Red Planet Rover Mission]. Karen Northon, NASA News. May 11, 2018 {{PD-notice}}</ref> Helikopter kemudian menjalani serangkaian uji dinamika penerbangan dan lingkungan<ref name="NASA-20190328">{{Cite news|last=Agle|first=AG|last2=Johnson|first2=Alana|title=NASA's Mars Helicopter Completes Flight Tests|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7361|date=March 28, 2019|work=NASA|access-date=28 March 2019}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> hingga kemudian dipasang ke bagian bawah robot ''Perseverance'' pada Agustus 2019.<ref name="Integrated">[https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7489 NASA's Mars Helicopter Attached to Mars 2020 Rover]. NASA News – JPL. August 28, 2019 {{PD-notice}}</ref> Nama ''Ingenuity'' berasal dari Vaneeza Rupani, seorang siswa kelas 11 di Tuscaloosa County High School di Northport, Alabama, yang mengirimkan esai dalam kontes "Name the Rover" NASA.<ref name="NASA-20200429a">{{Cite news|last=Hautaluoma|first=Grey|last2=Johnson|first2=Alana|last3=Agle|first3=D.C.|title=Alabama High School Student Names NASA's Mars Helicopter|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7650|date=April 29, 2020|work=NASA|access-date=April 29, 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="NASA-20200429b">{{Cite news|last=Agle|first=D.C.|last2=Cook|first2=Jia-Rui|last3=Johnson|first3=Alana|title=Q&A with the Student Who Named Ingenuity, NASA's Mars Helicopter|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7651|date=April 29, 2020|work=NASA|access-date=April 29, 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

 

Setelah melepaskan Ingenuity, penjelajah bergerak pergi sejauh {{cvt|100|m}} dari kendaraan tersebut.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.com/nasas-mars-helicopter-small-autonomous-rotorcraft-fly-red-planet-2680575 "NASA's Mars Helicopter: Small, Autonomous Rotorcraft To Fly On Red Planet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011219/http://www.ibtimes.com/nasas-mars-helicopter-small-autonomous-rotorcraft-fly-red-planet-2680575|date=10 July 2018}}, Shubham Sharma, ''International Business Times'', 14 May 2018</ref><ref name="Universe2018">{{cite web|date=July 2018|title=Mars Helicopter a new challenge for flight |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/universe/archive/universe1807.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101170951/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/universe/archive/universe1807.pdf|archive-date=1 January 2020|access-date=20 July 2018|publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Helikopter Ingenuity diharapkan mampu terbang hingga lima kali selama periode uji coba 30 hari yang dimulai pada April 2021.<ref name='landing press kit'/><ref name="spacenews 20180504">[http://spacenews.com/decision-expected-soon-on-adding-helicopter-to-mars-2020/ Decision expected soon on adding helicopter to Mars 2020], Jeff Fout, ''SpaceNews'' 4 May 2018</ref> Tiap penerbangan menargetkan ketinggian antara {{cvt|3|-|5|m|0}} di atas permukaan Mars.<ref name="landing press kit" /> Dalam sebuah konferensi pers NASA pada 9 April 2021, Kepala Operasi, Tim Canham dan Aung, mengatakan bahwa penerbangan pertama helikopter hanya berupa penerbangan statik di ketinggian {{cvt|3|m}} selama 40 detik dan memotret penjelajah dari ketinggian. Penerbangan-penerbangan selanjutnya akan melibatkan profil penerbangan yang lebih ambisius.<ref name="PreflightBriefing">{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9C_IyUdKKXI|title=Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Preflight Briefing|date=9 April 2021|publisher=NASA [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]|format=press conference livestreamed on YouTube}}</ref>{{rp|0:24:49–0:25:29,1:22:21–1:22:55}} Pada profil penerbangan 90 detik, helikopter ini dapat bergerak horizontal sejauh {{cvt|50|m}} dan kembali ke tempat lepas landas.<ref name="landing press kit" />

 

Helikopter ini menggunakan sistem kendali otonom selama penerbangan pendeknya. Namun sebelum itu, perintah dan algoritma penerbangan harus ditulis dan dikirimkan oleh operator di [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL). Helikopter akan berkomunikasi dengan Perseverance tiap kali berhasil mendarat. Penerbangan kedua dapat dilakukan paling cepat empat hari setelah penerbangan pertama.<ref name="PreflightBriefing" />{{rp|1:20:38–1:22:20}}

 

=== Uji terbang di Mars ===

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