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=== Agama Kristen ===
{{Main|Gereja Ortodoks Oriental|Gereja Ortodoks Timur|Gereja Ortodoks Ritus Barat}}
[[File:Nicaea icon.jpg|thumb|[[Syahadat Nikea]] umum dipakai sebagai alat uji ortodoksi di dalam agama Kristen pada umumnya]]<!--
Dalam makna Kristen klasiknya, istilah ''ortodoks'' mengacu kepada seperangkat doktrin yang dianut [[Gereja perdana|umat Kristen perdana]]. [[konsili oikumenis|Konsili-konsili ekumene]] yang terselenggara dalam rentang waktu beberapa abad merupakan usaha untuk membakukan doktrin-doktrin tersebut. Hasil yang terpenting dari usaha pembakuan ini keputusan-keputusan berkenaan dengan doktrin [[Homoousion]] yang diusung [[Athanasius|Atanasius]] dan [[Eustatius dari Antiokhia|Eustatius]] (kemudian hari menjadi [[Tritunggal|Tritunggalisme]]) maupun doktrin [[Heteroousion]] yang diusung [[Arius]] dan [[Eusebius dari Nikomedia|Eusebius]] ([[Arianisme]]). Doktrin Homoousion, yang mendefinisikan Yesus sebagai Allah sekaligus manusia di dalam kanon-kanon [[Konsili Efesus]] tahun 431, menjadi doktrin yang berjaya di dalam Gereja, dan disebut sebagai ''ortodoksi'' dalam berbagai konteks Kristen karena merupakan pandangan para Bapa Gereja terdahulu serta dikukuhkan kembali dalam konsili-konsili ekumene. [[Anti-Tritunggal|Umat Kristen Antitritunggal]] adalah kelompok minoritas yang menolak doktrin ini.
 
Following the 1054Sesudah [[East–WestSkisma SchismTimur-Barat|GreatSkisma SchismAkbar]], bothtahun the1054, [[Westernbaik Christianity|Western]]Gereja CatholicKatolik Church and themaupun [[EasternGereja OrthodoxOrtodoks ChurchTimur]] continuedmasing-masing tomenganggap considerdiri themselvessendiri uniquelysebagai satu-satunya pihak yang ''orthodoxortodoks'' andsekaligus ''[[catholicitykekatolikan|''catholickatolik'']].<!-- [[Augustine]] wrote in ''On True Religion'': "Religion is to be sought…only among those who are called Catholic or orthodox Christians, that is, guardians of truth and followers of right."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dulles S.J.|first1=Avery|url=https://www.amazon.com/Orthodox-Imperative-Selected-Essays-Cardinal-ebook/dp/B008R551PO|title=The Orthodox Imperative: Selected Essays of Avery Cardinal Dulles, S.J.|publisher=First Things Press|year=2012|editor1-last=Reno|editor1-first=R.R.|edition=Kindle|pages=224}}</ref> Over time, the Western Church gradually identified with the "Catholic" label, and people of Western Europe gradually associated the "Orthodox" label with the Eastern Church (in some languages the "Catholic" label is not necessarily identified with the Western Church). This was in note of the fact that both Catholic and Orthodox were in use as ecclesiastical adjectives as early as the 2nd and 4th centuries respectively.▼
In classical Christian use, the term ''orthodox'' refers to the set of doctrines which were believed by the [[early Christians]]. A series of [[ecumenical council]]s were held over a period of several centuries to try to formalize these doctrines. The most significant of these early decisions was that between the [[homoousian]] doctrine of [[Athanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]] and [[Eustathius of Antioch|Eustathius]] (which became [[Trinity|Trinitarianism]]) and the [[Heteroousian]] doctrine of [[Arius]] and [[Eusebius of Nicomedia|Eusebius]] (''[[Arianism]]''). The homoousian doctrine, which defined Jesus as both God and man with the canons of the 431 [[Council of Ephesus]], won out in the Church and was referred to as ''orthodoxy'' in most Christian contexts, since this was the viewpoint of previous Christian Church Fathers and was reaffirmed at these councils. (The minority of [[Nontrinitarianism|nontrinitarian Christians]] object to this terminology.)
 
Lama sebelum Skisma Akbar, Gereja-[[Gereja Ortodoks Oriental]] berpisah dari golongan [[Kristen Kalsedon]] selepas penyelenggaraan [[Konsili Kalsedon]] tahun 451 akibat berbeda pandangan soal [[Kristologi|kodrat Kristus]].{{sfn|Meyendorff|1989|p=}} Sejak saat itu, Gereja-Gereja Ortodoks Oriental melestarikan ''orthodox'' designation as a symbol of their theological traditions.{{sfn|Krikorian|2010|p=}}
▲Following the 1054 [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]], both the [[Western Christianity|Western]] Catholic Church and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] continued to consider themselves uniquely ''orthodox'' and [[catholicity|''catholic'']]. [[Augustine]] wrote in ''On True Religion'': "Religion is to be sought…only among those who are called Catholic or orthodox Christians, that is, guardians of truth and followers of right."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dulles S.J.|first1=Avery|url=https://www.amazon.com/Orthodox-Imperative-Selected-Essays-Cardinal-ebook/dp/B008R551PO|title=The Orthodox Imperative: Selected Essays of Avery Cardinal Dulles, S.J.|publisher=First Things Press|year=2012|editor1-last=Reno|editor1-first=R.R.|edition=Kindle|pages=224}}</ref> Over time, the Western Church gradually identified with the "Catholic" label, and people of Western Europe gradually associated the "Orthodox" label with the Eastern Church (in some languages the "Catholic" label is not necessarily identified with the Western Church). This was in note of the fact that both Catholic and Orthodox were in use as ecclesiastical adjectives as early as the 2nd and 4th centuries respectively.
 
Much earlier, the earliest [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]] and [[Chalcedonian Christianity]] separated in two after the [[Council of Chalcedon]] (AD 451), because of several [[Christological]] differences.{{sfn|Meyendorff|1989|p=}} Since then, Oriental Orthodox Churches are maintaining the ''orthodox'' designation as a symbol of their theological traditions.{{sfn|Krikorian|2010|p=}}
 
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