Peperek: Perbedaan antara revisi

 

== Pengenalan ==

 

Peperek dapat memancarkan cahaya kemilau yang lazim disebut [[bioluminesensi|bioluminesens]] (''bioluminescence'').<ref name=nontji1987/>{{rp|291}} Cahaya ini dikeluarkan oleh [[bakteria]] yang hidup ber[[simbiosis]] dengan peperek pada organ khusus yang terletak dekat kerongkongan ikan.<ref name=EoF>{{cite book |editor=Paxton, J.R. |editor2=Eschmeyer, W.N.|author1=Johnson, G.D. |author2=Gill, A.C. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|isbn= 978-0-12-547665-2|page= 186}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Haneda|first=Y.|last2=Tsuji|first2=F.I.|year=1976|title=Luminescent systems of pony fishes|journal=Journal of Morphology|volume=150|issue=2|pages=539–552|doi=10.1002/jmor.1976.150.2.539}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=McFall-Ngai|first=M.J.|last2=Dunlap|first2=P.V.|date=1984|title=External and internal sexual dimorphism in leiognathid fishes: Morphological evidence for sex-specific bioluminescent signaling|journal=Journal of Morphology|language=en|volume=182|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1002/jmor.1051820105|pmid=6492170|issn=1097-4687}}</ref> Biasanya, bakteria yang terlibat di sini adalah ''[[Photobacterium leiognathi]]'' saja; akan tetapi pada dua spesies peperek, yakni ''Photopectoralis panayensis'' dan ''P. bindus'', turut ditemukan jenis bakteri ''Photobacterium mandapamensis''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kaeding|first=A.J.|last2=Ast|first2=J.C.|last3=Pearce|first3=M.M.|last4=Urbanczyk|first4=H.|last5=Kimura|first5=S.|last6=Endo|first6=H.|last7=Nakamura|first7=M.|last8=Dunlap|first8=P.V.|date=2007|title=Phylogenetic Diversity and Cosymbiosis in the Bioluminescent Symbioses of "Photobacterium mandapamensis"|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|language=en|volume=73|issue=10|pages=3173–3182|doi=10.1128/AEM.02212-06|issn=0099-2240|pmc=1907103|pmid=17369329}}</ref> Fungsi bioluminesensi ini bagi peperek diduga terkait dengan upaya [[kamuflase]] dengan memancarkan cahaya bioluminesens ke arah bawah (dasar laut),<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hastings|first=J.W.|date=1971|title=Light to Hide by: Ventral Luminescence to Camouflage the Silhouette|journal=Science|language=en|volume=173|issue=4001|pages=1016–1017|doi=10.1126/science.173.4001.1016|issn=0036-8075|pmid=17796582}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=McFall-Ngai|first=M.J.|last2=Morin|first2=J.G.|date=1991|title=Camouflage by Disruptive Illumination in Leiognathids, a Family of Shallow-Water, Bioluminescent Fishes|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/content/156/1/119|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|language=en|volume=156|issue=1|pages=119–137|issn=0022-0949}}</ref> serta sebagai alat komunikasi atau penanda jantan betina yang khas pada masing-masing spesies.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Sparks|first=J.S.|last2=Dunlap|first2=P.V.|last3=Smith|first3=W.L.|date=2005|title=Evolution and diversification of a sexually dimorphic luminescent system in ponyfishes (Teleostei: Leiognathidae), including diagnoses for two new genera|journal=Cladistics|language=en|volume=21|issue=4|pages=305–327|doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00067.x|issn=1096-0031|hdl=2027.42/72092|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/72092/1/j.1096-0031.2005.00067.x.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Chakrabarty|first=P.|last2=Davis|first2=M.P.|last3=Smith|first3=W.L.|last4=Berquist|first4=R.|last5=Gledhill|first5=K.M.|last6=Frank|first6=L.R.|last7=Sparks|first7=J.S.|date=2011|title=Evolution of the light organ system in ponyfishes (Teleostei: Leiognathidae)|journal=Journal of Morphology|language=en|volume=272|issue=6|pages=704–721|doi=10.1002/jmor.10941|pmid=21433053|issn=1097-4687}}</ref>