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Pada abad ke-9, bangsa Berber pulang ke Afrika Utara sesudah pemberontakan-pemberontakan berakhir. Banyak kepala pemerintahan kota-kota besar yang jauh dari ibu kota Kordoba sudah berancang-ancang mendirikan negara sendiri. Pada tahun 929, [[Keamiran Kordoba|Emir Kordoba]] ([[Abdurrahman III]]), pimpinan Bani Umayah, menyatakan diri sebagai [[khalifah]], lepas dari negara [[Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah|Khilafah Bani Abas]] yang berpusat di [[Bagdad]]. Ia mengambil alih seluruh kewenangan militer, agama, maupun politik, serta menata ulang angkatan bersenjata dan birokrasi.
Sesudah berhasil mengekang para kepala daerah pembangkang, Abdurrahman III mencoba menaklukkan kerajaan-kerajaan Kristen yang tersisa di Jazirah Iberia. Ia beberapa kali menyerang kerajaan-kerajaan Kristen dan berhasil mendesak mundur kerajaan-kerajaan tersebut ke seberang [[Pegunungan Cantabria]]. Cucu Abdurrahman kemudian hari menjadi pemimpin boneka di tangan [[Wazir]] [[Al-Mansur bin Abi Aamir|Al Mansyur]] (artinya "yang berjaya"). Wazir Al Mansyur sempat beberapa kali melancarkan kampanye militer ke [[Burgos]], Leon, [[Pamplona]], [[Barcelona]], dan [[Santiago de Compostela]] sebelum wafat pada tahun 1002.<!--
Between Almanzor's death and 1031, Al-Andalus suffered many civil wars, which ended in the division into the [[Taifa|Thaifah kingdoms]]. The thaifah were small kingdoms, established by the city governors. The result was many (up to 34) small kingdoms, each centered upon its capital. Their governors had no larger-scale vision of the Moorish presence in the Iberian peninsula and had no qualms about attacking their neighbouring kingdoms whenever they could gain advantage by doing so.
The split into the thaifah states weakened the Islamic presence, and the Christian kingdoms further advanced as [[Alfonso VI of León and Castile|Alfonso VI of Leon and Castile]] conquered [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]] in 1085. Surrounded by enemies, thaifah rulers sent a desperate appeal to the Berber chieftain [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]], leader of the Almoravids.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}
=== Wangsa Murabatin ===
{{Main|Wangsa Murabatin}}
[[File:Mapa reconquista almohades-en.svg|thumb|Extent of the ''Reconquista'' into Almohad territory as of 1157.]]
[[File:Capture de Séville par Ferdinand III.jpg|thumb|Capture of Seville by [[Ferdinand III of Castile]] (painted by [[Francisco Pacheco]])]]
The [[Almoravid]]s were a Muslim militia composed of Berbers, and unlike previous Muslim rulers, they were not so tolerant towards Christians and Jews. Their armies entered the Iberian peninsula on several occasions (1086, 1088, 1093) and defeated King Alfonso at the [[Battle of Sagrajas]] in 1086, but initially their purpose was to unite all the thaifah into a single Almoravid Caliphate. Their actions halted the southward expansion of the Christian kingdoms. Their only defeat came at [[Valencia]] in 1094, due to the actions of [[El Cid]].
Meanwhile, Navarre lost all importance under King [[Sancho IV of Navarre|Sancho IV]], for he lost Rioja to [[Sancho II of Castile]], and nearly became the vassal of Aragon. At his death, the Navarrese chose as their king [[Sancho Ramírez]], King of Aragon, who thus became Sancho V of Navarre and I of Aragon. Sancho Ramírez gained international recognition for Aragon, uniting it with Navarre and expanding the borders south, conquering ''Wasqa<sup>t</sup>'' [[Huesca]] deep in the valleys in 1096 and building a fort, El Castellar, 25 km from ''Saraqusta<sup>t</sup>'' [[Zaragoza]].
Catalonia came under intense pressure from the thaifah of Zaragoza and [[Taifa of Lérida|Lérida]], as well as from internal disputes, as Barcelona suffered a dynastic crisis that led to open war among the smaller counties. But by the 1080s, the situation had calmed down, and the dominion of Barcelona over the smaller counties was restored.
=== Wangsa Muwahidin ===
{{Main|Wangsa Muwahidin}}
[[File:La Rendición de Granada - Pradilla.jpg|thumb|''The Surrender of Granada'' by [[Francisco Pradilla Ortiz]]]]
After a brief period of disintegration (the second [[Taifa|thaifah]] period), the Almohads, the rising power in North Africa, took over most of ''Al-Andalus''. However they were decisively defeated at the [[Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa]] (1212) by a Christian coalition, losing almost all the remaining lands of ''Al-Andalus'' in the following decades. By 1252 only the [[Kingdom of Granada]] remained intact but as a vassal state of Castile.
=== Perang Granada dan tamatnya daulat Islam di Hispania ===
{{Main|Perang Granada|Perjanjian Granada (1491)}}
[[Catholic Monarchs|Raja Fernando dan Ratu Isabel]] completed the ''Reconquista'' with a war against the [[Emirate of Granada]] that started in 1482 and ended with Granada's surrender on January 2, 1492. The Moors in Castile previously numbered "half a million within the realm". By 1492 some 100,000 had died or been enslaved, 200,000 had emigrated, and 200,000 remained in Castile. Many of the Muslim elite, including Granada's former Emir [[Muhammad XII of Granada|Muhammad XII]], who had been given the area of the [[Alpujarras]] mountains as a principality, found life under Christian rule intolerable and emigrated to [[Tlemcen]] in North Africa.<ref>Kamen, Henry. "Spain 1469 – 1714 A Society of Conflict." Third edition. pp. 37–38</ref>
In 1497 Spanish forces took [[Melilla]], west of Oran, and the island of [[Djerba]], south of Tunis, and went on to more important gains, with the bloody [[Spanish conquest of Oran (1509)|seizure of Oran in 1509]], and the capture of [[Bougie]] and [[Spanish conquest of Tripoli (1510)|Tripoli in 1510]]. The Spanish capture of [[Tripoli]] cost them some 300 men, while the inhabitants suffered between 3,000 and 5,000 killed and another 5,000–6,000 carried off as slaves.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Last Great Muslim Empires|page=138}}</ref> Soon thereafter, however, they faced competition from the rapidly expanding [[Ottoman Empire]] in the east and were pushed back.-->
== Catatan ==
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