Thomas-Alexandre Dumas: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Thomas-Alexandre Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie''' ({{IPA-fr|tɔmɑ alɛksɑ̃dʁ dymɑ davi də la pajət(ə)ʁi|lang}}; dikenal sebagai '''Alexandre Dumas'''; {{lahirmati|[[Jérémie]], [[Saint-Domingue]] (kini [[Haiti]])|25|3|1762|[[Villers-Cotterêts]], [[Kekaisaran Prancis Pertama|Prancis]]|26|2|1806}}) adalah seorang [[perwira jenderal|jenderal]] Prancis pada masa [[Revolusi Prancis]]. Dengan [[Toussaint Louverture]] dan [[Abram Petrovich Gannibal]] di [[Kekaisaran Rusia]], Thomas-Alexandre Dumas adalah perwira berpangkat tinggi keturunan Afrika (dengan ayah kulit putih dan ibu kulit hitam) yang memimpin sebuah pasukan Eropa.<ref>[[Toussaint Louverture]] was commissioned as "general-in-chief" of the army in French [[Saint-Domingue]] during the [[Haitian Revolution]]. [[Alfred-Amédée Dodds]], who was of one-eighth African descent, became a [[general of division]] in 1898 and [[Army General (France)|general-in-chief]] in 1900, but commanded only colonial troops. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jCI0AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1, ''La Revue hebdomadaire,'' 2nd series, 4th year, v. 9, 4 August 1900, n.p.], and in Mariani, Angelo and Uzanne, Joseph, eds., ''Figures contemporaines: Tirées de l'album Mariani'' v. 6 (Paris: H. Floury, 1901), n.p.[https://books.google.com/books?id=uutAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA3-PA1886-IA4 "Le Général Dodds"]. [[Abram Petrovich Gannibal]] had achieved [[major general]] rank in the [[Imperial Russian Army]] by 1752. In continental Europe, however, Alexandre Dumas is the only general of division and [[Army General (France)|general-in-chief]] in modern history.</ref> Ia adalah [[Gens de couleur|orang kultikulit berwarna]] pertama dalam militer Prancis yang menjadi [[brigadir jenderal]], [[jenderal divisional]], dan [[kepala jenderal]] angkatan darat Prancis.<ref>Alexandre Dumas was made [[brigadier general]] (the entry-level rank for generals in the [[Ranks in the French Army|French military hierarchy]]) of the French [[Army of the West (1793)|Army of the West]] on 30 July 1793, general of division one month later, and general-in-chief of the [[Army of the Western Pyrenees]]. Tom Reiss, ''[[The Black Count: Glory, Revolution, Betrayal, and the Real Count of Monte Cristo]]'' (New York: Crown Publishers, 2012), 145 and 147. The next black people to make brigadier general in the French military were [[Toussaint Louverture]], [[André Rigaud]], and Louis-Jacques Beauvais, all promoted to that rank on 23 July 1795. Madison Smartt Bell, ''Toussaint L'Ouverture: A Biography'' (New York: Vintage Books, 2007), 119. Note: Alexandre Dumas was the first French general of African descent, and was of mixed race; Louverture was the first French general of ''purely'' African descent. The assertion that Louverture was "the first black general in French history" is true if mixed-race men are not considered in this category, or if Dumas is overlooked. The claim has been made by Pierre Pluchon, ''Toussaint Louverture: Un révolutionnaire d'Ancien Régime'' (Paris: Fayard, 1989), 554, quoted in Daniel Desormeaux, Deborah Jenson and Molly Krueger Enz, "The First of the (Black) Memorialists: Toussaint Louverture", ''Yale French Studies'' no: 107 (2005), 138.</ref> Dumas dan [[Toussaint Louverture]] (diangkat menjadi kepala jenderal pada 1797<ref>Madison Smartt Bell, ''Toussaint Louverture: A Biography'' (New York: Vintage Books, 2007), 144.</ref>) adalah dua perwira berpangkat tertinggi keturnan Afrika sub-Sahara di dunia barat sampai 1975, saat [[Daniel James Jr.|"Chappie" James]] menerima pangkat setara jenderal bintang empat dalam [[Angkatan Udara Amerika Serikat]].